Beta galactosidase

Beta-cydodextnn Beta-galactosidase Beta-globin Betaine... 

If an antibody to the protein of interest is available, it is sometimes possible to use vector sequences, eg, the beta-galactosidase promoter sequence, to direct the transcription of the passenger DNA into messenger RNA and the translation of that mRNA into protein which can be recognized by the antibody. Although this method is somewhat less reHable than the use of nucleic acid probes, specialized vectors are available for this purpose. 

Procedures of the beta-galactosidase activity measuring using colour reaction with ONPG and X-Gal without cells permeabilization were developed and the detection limit at the level of 4 ppb has been achieved. The influence of the foreign ions (phosphate, sulphate, carbonate et. al) was studied. 

KI Izutsu, S Yoshioka, Y Takeda. Effects of additives on the stability of freeze-dried beta-galactosidase stored at elevated temperature. Int J Pharm 71 137-146, 1991. 

Yoshika, S., Aso, Y., Izuutsu, K., Terao, T. Stability of beta-galactosidase, a model protein drug, is related to water mobility as measured by oxygen-17 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Pharm. Res. 10 (1), p. 103-108, 1993... 

CPAs should, at least partially, solidify in the amorphous state. However amorphous state alone does not assure protection. Izutsu et al. [3.4] showed, for beta-galactosidase by X-ray diffraction, that only such additives avoid denaturation, which do not crystallize. A dilution of protein in the solidified protective agent reduces the chance of reactions between the protein molecules. Amorphous substances dry more slowly, which makes it easier to avoid overdrying. 

A very interesting approach was presented recently by Niemeyer et al. [113]. They prepared covalent DNA-streptavidin conjugates to which biotinylated alkaline phosphatase, beta-galactosidase, and horseradish peroxidase, as well as biotinylated anti-mouse and anti-rabbit immunoglobulins, were coupled. Immobilization of DNA-streptavidin conjugates was performed by hybridization with the complementary oligonucleotides, bound to the surface. It was demonstrated... 

Enzyme labels are currently by far the most common labels in use. Enzymes include HRP, alkaline phosphatase (AP) and, less often, beta-galactosidase (P-gal). The effectiveness of the conjugated antibody depends on the antibody, the label, and the procedure chosen to link the two.30... 

Table II is a partial list of known Bacillus genes which have an effect upon subtilisin production. Henner and coworkers (14) placed beta-galactosidase under the control of the subtilisin promoter. By using promoter deletions, they were able to identify regions of the promoter which are regulated by sacU, sacQ (present designation degU and degQ respectively, see Table II) and hpr.

Schmid, C., Reifferscheid, G., Zahn, R.K. and Backmann, M. (1997) Increase in sensitivity and validity of the SOS/umu-test after replacement of the beta-galactosidase reporter gene with luciferase. Mutation Research, 394, 9-16. 

I.G. Serebriiskii, E.A. Golemis, Uses of lacZ to study gene function Evaluation of beta-galactosidase assays employed in the yeast two-hybrid system, Anal. Biochem. 285 (2000) 1-15. 

C.H. Tung, Q. Zeng, K. Shah, D.E. Kim, D. Schellingerhout, R. Weissleder, In vivo imaging of beta-galactosidase activity using far red fluorescent switch. Cancer Res. 64 (2004) 1579-1583. 

J.P. Richard, J.G. Westerfeld, S. Lin, Structure-reactivity relationships for beta-galactosidase (Escherichia coli, lac Z). 1. Bronsted parameters for cleavage of alkyl beta-D-galactopyranosides, Biochemistry 34 (1995) 11703-11712. 

Bakken, A.P., Hill, C.G. and Amnndson, C.H. (1992) Hydrolysis of Lactose in Skim Milk by Immobilized Beta Galactosidase Bacillus-Circulans. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 39, 408-417. 

Robinson, D Price, R. G. and Dance, N. (1967). Separation and properties of beta-galactosidase, beta-glucosidase, beta-glucuronidase and A-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase from rat kidney. Biochemical Journal 102 525. 

Ho MW, O Brien JS (1970) Stimulation of acid beta-galactosidase activity by chloride ions. Clin Chim Acta 30 531-534... 

Ho MW, O Brien JS (1971) Differential effect of chloride ions on beta-galactosidase isoenzymes a method for separate assay. Clin Chim Acta 32 443-450... 

Shukla, T. P. 1975. Beta-galactosidase technology A solution to the lactose problem. CRC Crit. Rev. Food Technol. 5(3), 325-356. 

Frank, J. F. and Somkuti, G. A. 1979. General properties of beta-galactosidase of Xan-thomonas campestris. Appl. Environ. Microbiol 38, 554-556. 

In in vitro studies penicillamine inhibited angiotensin-con-verting enzyme (ACE) and carboxypeptidase (930). Penicillamine interferes with the functions of the copper-containing enzyme ceruloplasmin, and some of the penicillamine- and copper-containing complexes formed in vivo have a superoxide dismutase effect (931). In patients with scleroderma, penicillamine normalized collagen metabolism, by inhibiting beta-galactosidase activity (932). 

Schulze E, Herrmann K, Haustein UF, Krusche U, Rothenburger I. Einfluss von Penicillin und D-Penicillamin auf die Betagalactosidaseaktivitat bei Patienten met progressiver Sklerodermie. [Effect of penicillin and D-penicillamine on beta-galactosidase activity in patients with progressive scleroderma.] Dermatol Monatsschr 1988 174(ll) 661-6. 

Scott, T. C., C. G. Hill, and C. H. Amundson, "Determination of the Steady-state Behavior of Immobilized beta-Galactosidase Utilizing an Integral Reactor Scheme," Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp. 15 (1985) 431 - 445. 

Hinek, A. (1995). The 67kDa spliced variant of beta-galactosidase serves as a reusable protective chaperone for tropoelastin. Ciba Found. Sym. 192, 185—191. 

Privitera, S., Prody, C. A., Callahan, J. W., and Hinek, A. (1998). The 67-kDa enzymatically inactive alternatively spliced variant of beta-galactosidase is identical to the elastin/laminin-binding protein./. Biol. Chem. 273, 6319-6326. 

J. Tkac, E. Sturdik and P. Gemeiner, Novel glucose non-interference biosensor for lactose detection based on galactose oxidase-peroxidase with and without co-immobilised beta-galactosidase, Analyst, 125(7) (2000) 1285-1289. 

The ability of the series to induce beta-galactosidase transgene expression in COS-7 cells was measured and compared with Lipofectin (quaternary ammonium salt lipid). The transfection activity of the bile acid conjugates ranged from low (38%) in product 2c to 1000% in product 4c, as compared to Lipofectin , which was ranked as 100%. The in vitro success of these unusual cationic facial amphiphiles is inspiring for the development of more efficient chemical methods based on tissue/cell targeting enabled by the polar face of the amphiphile. 

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