Benzo a anthracene

These findings indicate that PGH synthase in the presence of arachidonate can catalyze the terminal activation step in BP carcinogenesis and that the reaction may be general for dihydrodiol metabolites of polycyclic hydrocarbons. Guthrie et. al. have shown that PGH synthase catalyzes the activation of chrysene and benzanthracene dihydrodiols to potent mutagens (33). As in the case with BP, only the dihydrodiol that is a precursor to bay region diol epoxides is activated. We have recently shown that 3,4-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-benzo(a)anthracene is oxidized by PGH synthase to tetrahydrotetraols derived from the anti-diol epoxide (Equation 4) (34). 

Finally, three additional individual data matrices were obtained for soil (so1 so2, and so3), in this case with the same number of samples (rows) for each of them. A new soil data matrix (SO) was obtained after individual matrix concatenation containing 36 samples in total (12 samples analyzed in 3 sampling campaigns) (see Fig. 7). Fifteen variables (all of them detected in SE as well) were measured in every sample PAHs (acenaphtylene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, indeno (l,2,3-cd)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, and benzo(g,h,i)perylene), an organophosphate compound (tributylphosphate), and an OC (4,4 -DDE). 

Fig. 10 Composition and spatial distribution of the main patterns of contamination identified in sediment of the Ebro River basin from year 2004 to 2006. Different temporal distribution of the PAHs pattern of contamination over the territory and constant distribution in time of the APs and heavier PAHs as well as the OCs pattern. Big circles representing higher levels of pattern contribution than small circles. Variables identification 1, naphthalene 2, acenaphtylene 3, acenapthene 4, fluorene 5, phenanthrene 6, anthracene 7, fluoranthene 8, pyrene 9, benzo(a) anthracene 10, chrysene 11, benzo(b)fluoranthene 12, benzo(k)fluoranthene 13, benzo(a)pyr-ene 14, indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene 15, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene 16, benzo(g,h,i)perylene 17, octyl-phenol 18, nonylphenol 19, tributylphosphate 20, a-HCH 21, HCB 22,2,4-DDE 23,4,4-DDE 24, 2,4-DDD 25, 4,4-DDD 26, 2,4-DDT 27, 4,4-DDT...

Fig. 11 Composition of the identified patterns of contamination (loadings) in sediment and soil of the Ebro River basin and patterns contribution to the analyzed samples (scores) in fall from year 2004 to 2006. Samples ordered for both compartments from first to third sampling campaigns and, for each campaign, from NW to SE. Variables identification 1, acenaphtylene 2, phenanthrene 3, anthracene 4, fluoranthene 5, pyrene 6, benzo(a)anthracene 7, chrysene 8, benzo(b)fluor-anthene 9, benzo(k)fluoranthene 10, benzo(a)pyrene 11, indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene 12, dibenzo (a.h)anthracene 13, benzo(g,h,i)perylene 14, tributylphosphate 15, 4,4-DDE...

Accumulation without activation of benzo[a]pyrene and benzo[a]anthracene by a marine protozoan (Parauronema acutum), and biotransformation of various fluorenes by P. acutum to mutagenic metabohtes (Lindmark 1981)... 

A gas chromatography-flame ionization detector system can be nsed for the separation and detection of nonpolar organic componnds. Semivolatile constitnents are among the analytes that can readily be resolved and detected nsing the system. If a packed column is used, four pairs of compounds may not be resolved adequately and are reported as a quantitative sum anthracene and phenanthrene, chrysene and benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[/ ]fluoranthene and benzo[/ ]fluoranthene, and dibenzo[a,/i]anthracene and indeno[l,2,3-cd]pyrene. This issue can be resolved through the use of a capillary column in place of a packed column. 

FIGURE 9.19 Effect of mobile phase composition on shape selectivity with a monomeric octadecylpolysiloxane stationary phase, column using (a) SRM 869a (b) triphenylene/o—terphenyl (c) chrysene/benzo[a]anthracene with column outlet pressure 20.0 MPa and flow rate 1 mL/min at pump head. (Reprinted from J. W. Coym, J. G. Dorsey, J. Chromatogr. A, 971 61 (2002). With permission.)... 

A strain of Beijerinckia oxiAizeA benzo [a] anthracene producing l -hydroxy-2-anthranoic acid as the major product. Three other metabolites identified were 2-hydroxy-3-phenanthroic acid, 3-hydroxy-2-phenanthroic acid, and c7s-l,l-dihydroxy-l,2-dihydrobenzo[a]anthracene (Gibson et al, 1975 Mahaffey et ah, 1988). 

In a marine microcosm containing Narragansett Bay sediments, the polychaete Mediomastis ambesita and the bivalve Nucula anulata, benzo [a] anthracene degraded to carbon dioxide, phenols, and quinones (Hinga et al., 1980). 

In activated sludge, <0.1% mineralized to carbon dioxide after 5 d (Freitag et al., 1985). When benzo[a]anthracene (5 and 10 mg/L) was statically incubated in the dark at 25 °C with yeast extract and settled domestic wastewater inoculum, no significant biodegradation was observed (Tabak et al, 1981). 

Soil. The half-lives for benzo[a]anthracene in a Kidman sandy loam and McLaurin sandy loam were 261 and 162 d, respectively (Park et al., 1990). 

Photolytic. Benzo[a]anthracene-7,12-dione formed from the photolysis of benzo[a]an-thracene (Z = 366 nm) in an air-saturated, acetonitrile-water solvent (Smith et al., 1978). 

A carbon dioxide yield of 25.3% was achieved when benzo [a] anthracene adsorbed on silica gel was irradiated with light (X >290 nm) for 17 h (Freitag et al, 1985). Behymer and Hites (1985) determined the effect of different substrates on the rate of photooxidation of benzo[a]anthracene using a rotary photoreactor. The photolytic half-lives of benzo[a]anthracene using silica gel, alumina, and fly ash were 4.0, 2.0, and 38 h, respectively. 

Benzo [a] anthracene (12.5 mg/L) in a methanol-water solution (2 3 v/v) was subjected to a high pressure mercury lamp or sunlight. Based on a rate constant of 2.51 x lO /min, the corresponding half-life is 0.46 h (Wang et al, 1991). 

Jang and McDow (1997) studied the photodegradation of benzo[a]anthracene in the presence of three common constituents of atmospheric aerosols reported to accelerate benzo [a] anthracene, namely 9,10-anthroquinone, 9-xanthone, and vanillin. The photo-degradation experiments were conducted using a photochemical reactor equipped with a 450-W medium pressure mercury arc lamp and a water bath to maintain the solution temperature at 16 °C. The concentration of benzo [a] anthracene and co-solutes was 10" M. Irradiation experiments were conducted in toluene, benzene, and benzene-c/e- Products identified by GC/MS, FTIR, and NMR included benzo[a]an-thracene-7,12-dione, phthalic acid, phthalic anhydride, 1,2-benzenedicarboxaldehyde, naphtha-lene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid/anhydride, 7,12-dihydrobenzo[a]anthracene, 10-benzyl-10-hydroan-thracen-9-one, benzyl alcohol, and 1,2-diphenylethanol. 

Chemical/Physical. Benzo[a]anthracene-7,12-dione and a monochlorinated product were formed during the chlorination of benzo [a] anthracene. At pH 4, the reported half-lives at chlorine concentrations of 0.6 and 10 mg/L were 2.3 and <0.2 h, respectively (Mori et al, 1991). When an aqueous solution containing benzo[a]anthracene (16.11 pg/L) was chlorinated for 6 h using chlorine (6 mg/L), the concentration was reduced 53% (Sforzolini et al, 1970). 

Nine commercially available creosote samples contained benzo [a] anthracene at concentrations ranging from 39 to 950 mg/kg (Kohler et al., 2000). 

Schauer et al. (2001) measured organic compound emission rates for volatile organic compounds, gas-phase semi-volatile organic compounds, and particle-phase organic compounds from the residential (fireplace) combustion of pine, oak, and eucalyptus. The particle-phase emission rates of benzo [a]anthracene were 1.22 mg/kg of pine burned, 0.630 mg/kg of oak burned, and 0.533 mg/kg of eucalyptus burned. The gas-phase emission rate was 0.032 mg/kg of eucalyptus burned. 

Under atmospheric conditions, a low rank coal (0.5-1 mm particle size) from Spain was burned in a fluidized bed reactor at seven different temperatures (50 °C increments) beginning at 650 °C. The combustion experiment was also conducted at different amounts of excess oxygen (5 to 40%) and different flow rates (700 to 1,100 L/h). At 20% excess oxygen and a flow rate of 860 L/h, the amount of benzo [a] anthracene emitted ranged from 91.2 ng/kg at 650 °C to 461.3 ng/kg at 750 °C. The greatest amount of PAHs emitted were observed at 750 °C (Mastral et al., 1999). 

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