Creosote sample

Nine commercially available creosote samples contained acenaphthene at concentrations ranging from 9,500 to 110,000 mg/kg (Kohler et al, 2000). 

Benzo [a] pyrene was identified in a U.S. commercial creosote at an approximate concentration of 0.3% (Black, 1982). Nine commercially available creosote samples contained benzo[a]pyrene at concentrations ranging from 2 to 160 mg/kg (Kohler et al, 2000). 

Fluoranthene was detected in soot generated from underventilated combustion of natural gas doped with toluene (3 mole %) (Tolocka and Miller, 1995). Fluoranthene was also detected in 9 commercially available creosote samples at concentrations ranging from 55,000 to 120,000 mg/kg (Kohler et ah, 2000). 

C. The maximum concentration of phenanthrene observed in the aqueous phase is 0.4 mg/L. Nine commercially available creosote samples contained phenanthrene at concentrations... 

Nine commercially available creosote samples contained pyrene at concentrations ranging from... 

Sediment samples were collected using a grab sampler (which samples approximately the top 10 cm) aboard Old Dominion University s research vessels, ODU-1 and Linwood Hoi Con. The sample locations are shown In Figure 1. The samples were stored frozen In clean, solvent-washed jars until analyzed. Creosoted wood samples were collected from areas adjacent to the Elizabeth River (Figure 1). Three samples of refined creosote and one sample of coal tar were also analyzed. Creosote samples from Atlantic Wood Industries, the remaining operative creosotlng facility on the Elizabeth River, were not available. The woodstove soot sample was obtained from a domestic woodstove in which predominantly hardwoods were burned. 

The chromatogram of the sediment sample extract (Figure 4) has a hydrocarbon distribution that could be the result of weathered petroleum products mixed with carbonized coal products. There is a UCM present in both the fl and f2 fractions, similar to the oil spill sample (Figure 3). The resolved fl fraction contained lower molecular wei t (n-C16 and below) n-alkanes, but n-C15 was not detected, as with the creosote sample (Figure 2). The higher molecular wei t resolved n-alkane peaks, n-C25,27,29 and 31 are Indicative of a biogenic input (12.) The resolved peaks in the f2 fraction are also similar to resolved f2 peaks found in the creosote sample (Figure 2). 

The three-dimensional fluorescence spectra of a creosote sample, a sediment sample from the vicinity of the creosote facilities (S5), a sediment sample from the entrance to the Elizabeth River (S8), and No. 2 Fuel Oil are shown in Figure 5. 

The derivation of the MRL is further complicated by the variability of the mixture s composition among wood creosote and coal tar creosote samples and the differences in mode of action of the individual components. The mixtures composition is dependent on the sources and preparation parameters of wood creosote and coal tar creosote and, as a result, the creosote components are rarely consistent in their type and concentration. Hence, toxicological evaluations of one creosote sample, for instance, are most likely inadequate for extrapolation to other creosote samples, unless their compositions are similar. An example of the composition variability among creosote samples was presented by Weyand et al. (1991). In that study, the concentrations of several PAHs were analyzed in four samples of manufactured gas plant (MGP) residue, a form of coal tar. All of the PAHs identified exhibited 2- to nearly 20-fold differences in concentration among the four samples. Benzo[a]pyrene, a component whose individual toxicity has been examined extensively, ranged from nondetectable levels (detection limit 0.3 g/kg) to 1.7, 6.4, and 3.9 g/kg of coal tar. Other studies that illustrate the variability of samples include Wrench and Britten (1975), Niemeier et al. (1988), and Emmett et al. (1981). 

The composition of the creosote mixture is dependent on the sources and preparation parameters of the coal tar, and as a result the creosote components are rarely consistent in their type and concentration. An example of the composition variability among creosote samples was recently presented by Weyand et al. (1991). In that study, the concentrations of several PAHs were analyzed in four coal tars. All of the PAHs identified exhibited 2-fold to nearly 20-fold differences in concentration among the four samples. 

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