Bentonit

Krilium The trade name of a soil conditioner. The solid form of Krilium has as active in-gredienl a copolymer of about equal molar proportions of vinyl ethanoate and the partial methyl ester of maleic acid. It may be formulated with lime, bentonite, etc. In aqueous form, Krilium contains a copolymer of about equal molar proportions of isobutene and ammonium maleamate. Other polymers are also used. 

Non-soap greases using finely divided solids as thickeners are useful as lubricants at elevated temperatures. Materials used include organO Clays such as dimethyldioctyl-decyl-ammonium bentonite (Bentone greases) or selected dyestuffs which produce brightly coloured greases. 

Bentonite seal Benuron Benzadrine Benzal chloride... 

ALCOHOLS,HIGHERALIPHATIC-SURVEY AND NATURALALCOHOLSMANUFACTURE] (Voll) -for drilling mud bentonites PETROLEUM - DRILLING FLUIDS] (Vol 18)... 

Minerals, particularly Bentonite, ate used to remove proteins that tend to cause haze in white wines. The natural tannin of ted wines usually removes unstable proteins from them. Excess tannin and related phenols can be removed and haze from them prevented by addition of proteins or adsorbents such as polyvinylpyttohdone. Addition of protein such as gelatin along with tannic acid can even be used to remove other proteins from white wines. Egg whites or albumen ate often used to fine ted wines. Casein can be used for either process, because it becomes insoluble in acidic solutions like wines. 

Propionic acid, C2H 02, and ammonia [7664-41-7], NH, are additives used to prevent mol ding of feed (5). Bentonite, hemiceUulose extracts, and lignin sulfonate are used to hold feed pellets together. 

A variety of additives are used to control the properties of wetting and dispersion of pigments, flow, Hthography, and mb-off of inks. These additives belong to classes of materials such as surfactants, bentonite clays, alkyds, functional resins, polymers, etc. 

Granulars are pelleted mixtures of toxicant, usually at 2.5 ndash 10%, and a dust carrier, eg, absorptive clay, bentonite, or diatomaceous earth, and commonly are 250 ndash 590 ]lni in particle size. They are prepared by impregnation of the carrier with a solution or slurry of the toxicant and are used principally for mosquito larviciding and soil appHcations. 

Various other soft materials without the layer—lattice stmcture are used as soHd lubricants (58), eg, basic white lead or lead carbonate [598-63-0] used in thread compounds, lime [1305-78-8] as a carrier in wire drawing, talc [14807-96-6] and bentonite [1302-78-9] as fillers for grease for cable pulling, and zinc oxide [1314-13-2] in high load capacity greases. Graphite fluoride is effective as a thin-film lubricant up to 400°C and is especially useful with a suitable binder such as polyimide varnish (59). Boric acid has been shown to have promise as a self-replenishing soHd composite (60). 

The use of sofid supports in conjunction with permanganate reactions leads to modification of the reactivity and selectivity of the oxidant. The use of an inert support, such as bentonite (see Clays), copper sulfate pentahydrate, molecular sieves (qv) (151), or sifica, results in an oxidant that does not react with alkenes, but can be used, for example, to convert alcohols to ketones (152). A sofid supported permanganate reagent, composed of copper sulfate pentahydrate and potassium permanganate (153), has been shown to readily convert secondary alcohols into ketones under mild conditions, and in contrast to traditional permanganate reactivity, the reagent does not react with double bonds (154). 

For the most part, additives control the appHcation or theological properties of a paint. These additives include materials for latex paints such as hydroxyethylceUulose, hydrophobicaHy modified alkah-soluble emulsions, and hydrophobicaHy modified ethylene oxide urethanes. Solvent-based alkyd paints typically use castor oil derivatives and attapulgite and bentonite clays. The volume soHds of a paint is an equally important physical property affecting the apphcation and theological properties. Without adequate volume soHds, the desired appHcation and theological properties may be impossible to achieve, no matter how much or many additives are incorporated into the paint. 

High molecular weight polyacrylamides are used as viscosity builders in freshwater muds (53) or as bentonite extenders. The ionic nature of the polyacrylamide may range from nonionic to anionic (30% hydrolyzed) depending on the situation. Molecular weights ranging from >3 x 10 are used for this purpose. Polymer concentrations of 0.7—2.8 kg/m (0.25—1.0 Ib/bbl) are used depending on the appHcation. 

Hydrating bentonite in fresh water before adding it to the mud greatly increases its efficiency when the makeup water is contaminated with salt and/or hardness. Prehydrated bentonite can be protected from dehydration by flgnosulfonate (70) or sulfomethylated tannin when used in saturated salt water. Salt water clays, such as sepioflte and attapulgite, provide no filtration control and are normally used with suitable filtration control agents. 

In low sohds muds, vinyl acetate—maleic anhydride copolymers were once used to extend or enhance the viscosity of bentonite suspensions (141). This function is largely performed by polyacrylamides. The vinyl acetate—maleic anhydride copolymers can also have a flocculating effect on drill sohds. Concentrations generally are quite low (0.14—0.57 kg/m (0.05—0.2 Ib/bbl)). 

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