Beneficence

Benefice-Malouet, S, Blancou, H, Commeyras, A 7 Fluorine Chem ms, 30, 171... 

Rapport entre le benefice net total (non actualise) et les capitaux engages. Taux de rendement... 

The Belmont Report s principle of beneficence refers to the need to ensure that all aspects of a study are designed to obtain the desired knowledge in a way that maximizes benefits and minimizes risks to the participants. The principle of beneficence also means that a risk-benefit analysis must be performed on every proposed study. In determining if fhis ratio is ethical, consideration must be given to the impact on both the participants and society. 

Experience should teach us to be most on our guard to protect fiberty when the government s purposes are beneficent. Men bom to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their fiberty by evil-minded rulers. The greatest dangers to fiberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding [167]. ... 

This charm, this spellbinding virtue, this power of fascination, can be— alternately or simultaneously—beneficent or maleficent. The pharmakon would be a substance— with all that that word can connote in terms of matter with occult virtues, cryptic depths refusing to submit their ambivalence to analysis, already paving the way for alchemy—if we didn t have eventually to come to recognize it as antisubstance itself that which resists any philosopheme. (Derrida 70)... 

The principle of beneficence entails helping people to further their interests. As the primary moral principle quoted in medical codes and oaths, the principle of beneficence is fundamental to the practice of medicine and clinical research. For example, concerns about beneficence motivate physicians, pharmacologists, pharmacists, and clinical investigators, all of whom share the goal of conducting studies that will ultimately benefit society by producing or refining effective treatments. 

The principles of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice form a foundation for analysis of ethical quandaries. In addition, a comprehensive ethical analysis will include considerations of cultural and reh-gious diversity of patient-subjects, health care providers and interpersonal relationships an assessment of the profession-based duties and obligations of the health care professionals, including an examination of relevant professional oaths and codes and an analysis of relevantly similar previous bioethical dilemmas. 

For more than 50 years, scientists, physicians, bioethi-cists, and the media have focused on a variety of issues in research with human subjects, or clinical research. In 1948, in response to the atrocities perpetrated by Nazi experimentation, the Nuremberg Code was developed to set forth guidelines for the acceptable conduct of scientific research. In 1964 the World Medical Association adopted the Declaration of Helsinki, which specifically guides physicians in biomedical research. These documents specify basic moral guidelines ultimately founded on concerns for autonomy, beneficence, and justice. The guidelines require the following ... 

At minimum, the principles of autonomy and beneficence require that patients be told the source of funding for sponsored studies in which they are invited to enroll and advised of any potential conflicts between the physician s research interests and treatment recommendations. 

L D. The principle of justice is a relevant consideration when subjects are selected for clinical research. It requires that members of a vulnerable population, such as institutionalized patients with mental retardation, not be exploited. The principle of autonomy would be most relevant to the parents ability to consent or refuse on the child s behalf, something Dr. Martin thinks is handled satisfactorily. Dr. Martin believes risks have been minimized and the overall study drug is likely to help the participants, so the study has satisfied the principles of nonmaleficence and beneficence. The principle of medical priority is not mentioned in the chapter and pertains to treating the most medically needy patients first, which is not at issue here. 

Since the red modification can be handled much more safely than white phosphorus this discovery has been extremely beneficent to workers in the match industry. As early as 1851 von Schrotter prepared matches with it, but they were not easily ignited. H. Hochstatter of Langen, near Frankfort-on-the Main, exhibited successful red phosphorus matches at the London Exhibition of 1872 ( 54). The Hochstatter matches, according to von Schrotter, can be struck even upon cloth, they burn quietly,. . . almost without smoke and smell.. . . What is still more important, the workmen during their production are not... 

In his Story of the University of Edinburgh, Sir Alexander Grant said that Hope was fully alive to the importance of the quantitative age in Chemistry. .. he had learnt Lavoisier s views from himself, and in personal communication with Dalton had imbibed his ideas of atomic constitution. Professor Hope s two greatest contributions to science were his research on strontia and his observation of the curious and beneficent property that water has of attaining its maximum density at a certain temperature (now fixed accurately at 4°C.). He abandoned research, however, in order to devote all his time to the improvement of his lectures. 

Together, this famous couple, Pierre Curie, 1859-1906, and Mme. Marie Sklodowska Curie, 1867-1934, discovered radium and polonium, and founded the beneficent science of radioactivity. Pierre served as professor of physics at the Sorbonne, and collaborated with his brother, Jacques Curie, in the discovery and investigation of piezo-electricity. He introduced the concept of symmetry in physical phenomena and studied magnetic properties as a function of temperature. Marie served as professor of radioactivity at the University of Paris. 

In 1911 she was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics, and was thus the only person ever to have received the Nobel award twice. While radium with its dangerous yet beneficent radiations was prolonging countless lives, it was gradually undermining the health of its discoverer, and... 

Benefice-Malouet S, Blancou H, Commeyras A (1985) J Fluorine Chem 30 171... 

The minimalist position derives the requirements of justice from the accepted pillars of contemporary bioethics, and of research ethics in particular. A just research initiative is one that faithfully adheres to the standard values of nonmaleficence, beneficence, and respect for autonomy.. .. any research Initiative that satisfies the conditions of... 

---