John Bell

Alfred Stille, Francis G. Smith, John Bell, John F. Meigs, and Samuel I wis, Report of a Committee of the Associate Members of the Sanitary Commission on Dysentery, Sanitary Commission, M (Philadelphia Collins, 1862), p. 6. 

A. E. Pavlath, Techniques and Applications of Plasma Chemistry, Eds. J. R. Hollahan, A. T. Bell, John Wiley Sons, New York, 1974, pp 149. 

Barbara Paul R, 951 Barlow William, e36 Barnwell John D., 886 Barysz Maria, 131 Bautista Debra L., 868 Bayes Thomas, 991 Becke Axel D., 703 Bednorz Georg J., 322 Bell Alexis T 361 Bell John S 3,14, 48 Belousov Boris... 

Sandra Kosinski John B. MacChesney AT T Bell Laboratories... 

The Shockley involved in this symposium was ihe same William Shockley who had participated in the invention of the transistor in 1947. Soon after that momentous event, he became very frustrated at Bell Laboratories (and virtually broke with his coinventors, Walter Brattain and John Bardeen), as depicted in detail in a rivetting history of the transistor (Riordan and Hoddeson 1997). For some years, while still working at Bell Laboratories, he became closely involved with dislocation geometry, clearly as a means of escaping from his career frustrations, before eventually turning fulltime to transistor manufacture. 

Ohl demonstrated his results to Kelly early in 1940 Kelly felt that his instincts had been proved justified. Thereupon, Bell Labs had to focus single-mindedly on radar and on silicon rectifiers for this purpose. It was not till 1945 that basic research restarted. This was the year that the theorist John Bardeen was recruited, and he in due course became inseparable from Walter Brattain, an older man and a fine experimenter who had been with Bell since the late 1920s. William Shockley formed the third member of the triumvirate, though from an early stage he and Bardeen found themselves so mutually antagonistic that Bardeen was sometimes close to resignation. But tension can be productive as well as depressing. 

John Bardeen was a truly remarkable scientist, and also a very private, taciturn man. Pippard (1995) in his obituary of Bardeen, recounts how John returned home from the Bell Labs and walked into the kitchen to say We discovered something today to (his wife) Jane s regret, all she could find in reply to what proved a momentous statement was That s interesting, but I have to get dinner on the table . ... 

Lead chamber pmce.ss for H2SO4 intrrxluced by John Roebuck (Birmingham, UK) this immediately superseded the cumbersome small-scale glass bell-jar process (p. 708). 

Charlestown to Lexington, Massachusetts, to warn Samuel Adams and John Hancock that British troops were coming to arrest them. The prearranged signal, which began his historic ride, was based on the placement of lanterns in the bell tower of Christ Church in Boston. Two lanterns were hung to indicate that the redcoats would come by sea rather than by land the latter would have been signaled by one lantern. 

William Shockley (seated), John Bardeen (standing, left), and Waller H. Braltain doing transistor research at Bell Telephone Laboratories (New York, 194S). (Corbis Corporation)... 

The study of electrons trapped in matter (commonly termed solid state ) led eventually to the invention of the transistor in 1947 by Walter Brattain, John Bardeen, and William Shockley at Bell Laboratories, and then to the integrated circuit hy Robert Noyce and Jack Kilby a decade later. Use of these devices dominated the second half of the twentieth century, most notably through computers, with a significant stininlus to development being given by military expenditures. 

ADEL F. SAROFIM, Massachusetts Institute of Technology ROBERT S. SCHECHTER, University of Texas, Austin WILLIAM R. SCHOWALTER, Princeton University L. E. SCRIVEN, University of Miimesota JOHN H. SEINFELD, California Institute of Technology JOHN H. SINFELT, Exxon Research and Engineering Company LARRY F. THOMPSON, AT T Bell Laboratories KLAUS D. TIMMERHAUS, University of Colorado ALFRED E. WECHSLER, Arthur D. Little, Inc. 

MEASUREMENT IN THE ANALYSIS AND TREATMENT OF SMOKING BEHAVIOR. John Grabowski, Ph.D., and Catherine S. Bell, M.S., eds. 

Read, John. [Through alchemy to chemistry] From alchemy to chemistry. London Bell, 1957 reprint, New York Dover Publications, 1995. xvii, 206 p ISBN 0-486-28690-8... 

Read, John. Humour and humanism in chemistry. London G. Bell, 1947. xxiii, 388p. 

Read, John. Prelude to chemistry an outline of alchemy, its literature and relationships. London Bell, 1939 reprint, Cambridge (MA) M.I.T. Press, 1966. xxiv, 327 p. 

Read, John. Through alchemy to chemistry a procession of ideas and personalities. London G. Bell, 1957 reprint, Kila (MT) Kessinger, 1992. xvii, 206p. ISBN 1564590135... 

Thompson, Charles John Samuel. The lure and romance of alchemy. London Harrap, 1932 reprint, New York Bell Publishing Distributed by Outlet Book Co, 1990. x, 9- 248 p. ISBN 0-517-02634-1... 

Submitted by C. F. H. Allen and Alan Bell. Checked by Nathan L. Drake and John Sterling. 

Such idealistic back to nature movements also developed in other parts of Europe. Almost contemporaneously, a group of British writers including Harold John Massingham, Adrian Bell and Rolf Gardiner, promoted their vision of a revitalised countryside (Moore-Colyer, 2001). Central to this vision was an agriculture based on organic principles and this movement became one of the origins of Soil Association which was founded in 1946. 

Some of the Farben prosecution staff as well as some members of the Farben investigating teams have reviewed this book and made helpful suggestions. The following persons in particular devoted much time and effort to suggesting material and reviewing the manuscript Belle Mayer Zeck, Emanuel Minskoff, Drexel Sprecher, Joseph Friedman, Bernard Bernstein, Ansel Luxford, and John Pehle. Valuable data were supplied by Jerry Weiss, William Acton, and Beniamin Ferencz. 

Hollahan J. R. Bell A. T. Ed. "Techniques and Application of Plasma Chemistry" John Wily Sons New York, 1974. 

In 1948 William Bradford Shockley (1910-1989), who is considered the inventor of the transistor, and his associates at Bell Research Laboratories, Walter Houser Brattain (1902-1987) and John Bardeen (1908-1991), discovered that a crystal of germanium could act as a semiconductor of electricity. This unique property of germanium indicated to them that it could be used as both a rectifier and an amplifier to replace the old glass vacuum tubes in radios. Their friend John Robinson Pierce (1910-2002) gave this new solid-state device the name transistor, since the device had to overcome some resistance when a current of electricity passed through it. Shockley, Brattain, and Bardeen all shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics. 

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