Evolution and behaviour

When evolution selects the genes that build the parts of brains (modules) that produce a particular kind of behaviour, and evolution selects them because of the fitness benefits of that kind of behaviour, we have the conditions for a perfect evolutionary psychological explanation. 

Mammalian Behaviour and Evolution Group, University of Liverpool sacheet liv.ac.uk... 

Finally, it is a pleasure to acknowledge the very considerable behind the scenes help from all those who helped make the conference a success. We would like to thank Anne Tuson and Marg Hedges, as well as all the members of the Mammalian Behaviour and Evolution Group and the Proteomics and Functional Genomics Group at the University of Liverpool. We would also like to express our thanks to the University of Chester Conference Team for their support and efforts at the venue. 

Mammalian Behaviour and Evolution Group Department of Veterinary Preclinical Science University of Liverpool Leahurst, Neston CH64 7TE UK... 

David Turnbull, in his illuminating Commentary on the Emergence and Evolution of Materials Science (Turnbull 1983), defined materials science broadly as the characterisation, understanding, and control of the structure of matter at the ultramolecular level and the relating of this structure to properties (mechanical, magnetic, electrical, etc.). That is, it is Ultramolecular Science . In professional and educational practice, however, he says that materials science focuses on the more complex features of behaviour, and especially those aspects controlled by crystal... 

On the other hand, metals such as Ta, Nb, Ti, Zr, Al, etc. (the valve metals ) do not exhibit transpassive behaviour, and in appropriate electrolyte solutions film growth at high fields rather than corrosion and/or oxygen evolution is the predominant reaction thus aluminium can be anodised to 500 V or more in an ammonium borate buffer titanium can be anodised to about 400 V in formic acid and tantalum can be anodised to high voltages in most acids, including hydrochloric acid. 

Substances applied to or incorporated in a combustible material (e.g. organic polymers, nylon, vinyl and rubber, etc.) to reduce flammability. Act by retarding ignition, control/douse burning, reduce smoke evolution. Slow down or interrupt the self-sustained combustion cycle when the heat-flux is limited. Flame retardants (FRs) improve the combustion behaviour and alter the combustion process (cool, shield, dilute, react) so that decomposition products will differ from nonflame retarded articles. FRs are usually divided into three classes ... 

Rasmussen, L.E.L. (1999) Evolution of chemical signals in the Asian elephant, Elephas maximus behavioural and ecological influences. J. Biosci. (Bangalore) 24, 241-251. 

Alkaloids take part in the life processes of some invertebrates as pheromones, inducers of sexual behaviour, and in reproduction. A case study of quinolizidine alkaloids and population changes proved that these alkaloids occur in all legume species studied but not, however, in all individuals. The distribution and frequency changes of alkaloidal and non-alkaloidal plants in populations is a direct expression of natural selection natural hybridization and micro-evolution can be considered as an evidence of current evolutionary responses by ecological and genetic systems. 

The electrochemical behaviour and the adsorption of nucleic acid molecules and DNA constituents have been extensively studied over recent decades [1-6]. Electrochemical studies demonstrated that all DNA bases can be electrochemically oxidized on carbon electrodes [7-13], following a pH-dependent mechanism. The purines, guanine (G) and adenine (A), are oxidized at much lower positive potentials than the pyrimidines, cytosine (C) and thymine (T), the oxidation of which occurs only at very high positive potentials near the potential corresponding to oxygen evolution, and consequently are more difficult to detect. Also, for the same concentrations, the oxidation currents observed for pyrimidine bases are much smaller than those observed for the purine bases. Consequently, the electrochemical detection of oxidative changes occurring in DNA has been based on the detection of purine base oxidation peaks or of the major... 

DunnGalvin, A., Du Bois, B., De Blok, B. M. J., and Hourihane, J. O. B. (2007). Child vs maternal perception of HRQoL in food allergy Developmental trajectories and evolution of risk behaviour. Allergy 62(Suppl. 83), 70-166. 

Costa, D.P. (1993). The relationship between reproductive and foraging energetics and the evolution of the Pinnipedia. In Marine Mammals Advances in Behavioural and Population Biology, Symposia of the Zoological Society of London, No. 66, pp. 293-314, ed. I.L. Boyd, Oxford Oxford University Press. 

The purpose of this paper is to explore various aspects of the rheological behaviour of lyotropic liquid crystalline systems. Lyotropics are often used as model systems for thermotropics because their viscoelastic behaviour seems to be quite similar (1) and solutions are much more easier to handle and can be studied more accurately than melts. The emphasis is on transient data as these are essential for verifying viscoelastic models but are hardly available in the literature. Transient experiments can also provide insight in the development of flow—induced orientation and structure. The reported experiments include relaxation of the shear stress and evolution of... 

Despite some crystallographic similarities with the acid salt (see below), the water molecules in barium oxalate dihydrate are accommodated differently in the lattice [140]. The extent of water loss from BaC204.2H20 varied with pQi20). The products were the anhydrous salt below 4 Torr, the hemihydrate between 4 and 100 Torr, and the monohydrate above 100 Torr. The rate of water evolution at 353 K exhibited Smith-Topley behaviour and the changes in rate occur at values of pQyD) (5 and 100 Torr) which are close to those characteristic of the stabihty range of the hemihydrate. 

Moreover, the metallic nature already observed in the case of polyacetylene [58,59] has been found in other polymers such as camphor sulphonic acid (CSA) doped polyaniline [60] or polypyrrole [61]. In these materials, a negative dielectric constant [53], and a cross-over from the metallic to the non-metallic state between 20 and 50 K has been revealed in the case of polyaniline [62]. Polyorthotoluidine fibres doped with CSA in m cresol exhibit similar behaviour [63-65], PFg doped polypyrrole also exhibits such behaviour and the Drude model has been used for a description of dielectric constant evolution up to the infrared range [66], This model has also been applied to polyaniline [67],... 

Menzel, R. and Greggers, U. (1992). Temporal dynamics and foraging behaviour in honeybees. In Biology and Evolution of Social Insects (Billen, J., Ed.). Leuven University Press, Leuven, pp. 303-318. 

The electrochemical behaviour of metals in anhydrous HF has been reviewed by Vijh, with particular attention to anodization, open-circuit corrosion, film formation, anodic dissolution, and evolution of F2. The dependence of the F2 overpotential at Ni in anhydrous HF on the current density has been investigated. At low current densities the overvoltage was mainly due to the potential difference across the anodic barrier film, whereas at high current density the electronic conduction of the film increased appreciably, resulting in a decrease in the potential drop. Other workers have shown that the process of H2 discharge in HF is affected by the addition of NaF, presumably by reducing the overvoltage on nickel. 

Tekalur SA, Shivakumar K, Shukla A. Mechanical behaviour and damage evolution in E-glass vinyl ester and carbon composites subjected to static and blast loads. Composites Part B 2008 39 57-65. 

Geist, V., 1998, Deer of the World Their Evolution, Behaviour, and Ecology, Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg. 

---