Behavioral safety elements

According to the modem accident-causation (G. and B. et al., 2005), from the point of individual behavior-safety control, hazard is embodied unsafe act (behavior) and unsafe condition meanwhile, under certain situation, unsafe act (behavior) can transform and result in unsafe condition. The unsafe act and unsafe condition is the direct cause of accident, deeper analysis comes to the indirect (common) cause, which include three elements inadequate safety knowledge, inadequate safety awareness, and inadequate safety habit. 

Situational factors include many elements, such as familiarity and training, risk perception, rewards and punishment, cost of compliance which is regarded as a critical factor to compliance intent and behavior. Safety climate belongs to organizational element which is made up of... 

Many companies have adopted an observation-based behavioral safety process to improve compliance with safety procedures. Alas, simply implementing the basic elements of a behavioral safety process does not always work [p. 48]. 

Obviously, this approach to behavioral safety does not focus on the worker and the observations of worker behavior that are the core of many other behavioral safety approaches. And, it emphasizes performance, overall. Those who have an interest in an imaginative approach to behavioral safety will want to read Pounds article, which describes in depth the elements outlined above. 

Some critical safety elements help control the physical conditions and the health and safety of the environment that would contribute to the reduction of losses as a result of an unsafe workplace. The act of cleaning up a workplace helps to clean up the thought processes of those in the workplace. The physical conditions of the workplace have a major effect on the attitudes and behaviors of anployees. Positive safety culture cannot be nurtured in a dirty, disorderly work area. 

Numerous safety elements help control both the behavior of people at work and the work environment and procedures. No hard-and-fast dividing line can be drawn between elements defining them as either behavior or environmental control. One influences the other. All elements are mini safety culture change interventions and demand certain actions and performances that eventually create behavior and conditions that equate to an ongoing safety culture. 

These elements appear so simple and common sense that many people underestimate the difficulty involved in creating a behavioral safety system. Managers, in particular, often fail to anticipate the difficulty in achieving the level of consistency and support required to make the approach successful. However, these elements... 

Before examining the behavioral safety process in more detail, let us take a closer look at some of the key elements of current safety improvement efforts. 

Many companies have adopted an observation-based behavioral safety process to improve compliance with safety procedures, but simply implementing the basic elements of a behavioral safety process does not always work. Companies can encounter problems in getting employees to conduct needed observations, in getting employees to effectively provide feedback to other employees, and in employees filling out observation checklists informally without conducting actual observations. These problems may indicate an overemphasis on the reporting process and inadequate attention to the values required to implement safety improvements successfully. 

The remainder of this book provides additional details on different options for addressing each element of the behavioral safety process and how to implement the process. Remember that your recommendations are preliminary plans and that the design teams will ultimately make changes and work out the many logistical details. 

To provide an overview of the elements of the behavioral safety process and why it is being implemented... 

After implementing the basic elements of the behavioral safety process, the design team may need to schedule additional steering committee presentations to seek approval and support for various special programs (described in Chapter 23). 

To summarize, the observation and feedback process is probably the most important element of the behavioral safety process. The design team must design a realistic observation process, complete with appropriate forms and guidelines, on the logistics of conducting observations within the organization. 

Steering committee members who will be implementing the behavioral safety process will also benefit from an understanding of the rationale or basic theory underlying the behavioral safety process, including the observation and feedback procedures. They will provide better and more consistent support for the elements of the behavioral safety process when they understand the reasons for those elements. 

During steering committee meetings a) Evaluate and problem solve observations and other elements of behavioral safety process b) Assess ahgrmiertt of the steering committee meeting with the team s values... 

Maintaining the observation process and other elements of the behavioral safety process requires an ongoing effort from both management and steering committees. 

Implementing a self-observation process is similar in many respects to a typical peer observation behavioral safety process but is much easier in other respects. The role of leadership is equally important in both approaches. While a self-observation approach often does not require the safety representatives or steering committee to do the same level of problem solving with the observation data, their use of observation data as the basis for reinforcement is even more critical in a self-observation process. If your organization opts for a self-observation process, these two elements warrant special study and attention. 

All the themes which have been mentioned in the previous chapters are more or less accounted for in the safety elements of the SDQ perceptional processes, work execution, risk-taking behavior, contextual conditions. Diagnostic judgments are given on 5-point and yes/no rating scales. In its present (2nd) version, the SDQ contains 8 chapters with a total of 165 safety elements (Tab. 7.1). 

Employee involvement and evaluation all the employees should be included in the formulation and execution of safety elements and safe working behavior evaluations. 

The following discussion on health and safety aspects of titanium compounds is concerned only with the behavior of the titanium present in inorganic compounds and not with the effects of the compounds themselves. For example, titanium tetrachloride must be treated with care because of the effects of the hydrochloric acid and heat produced when it reacts with water, not because of the possible toxicity of titanium. Apart from very few exceptions, the inorganic compounds of titanium are generally regarded as having low toxicity. Because of the ubiquitous nature of the element and its compounds, average concentrations of titanium in blood have been determined at 130—160 Fg/L (182—184), with a typical value of 10 Fg/L in urine (185). 

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