Behavioral research control variables

Effects In Humans. Neither postmortem nor functional cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) studies in humans provide firm evidence for similar, long-term damages or alterations to monoaminergic neurons in chronic stimulant abusers. In part, the lack of demonstrable neurochemical changes may well be due to the obvious preclusion of well-controlled prospective experimentation in humans, as well as to variability in critical variables (e.g., individual sensitivity or pattern of abuse) encountered in clinical research. Possible relationship of the various complications of stimulant abuse including hyperpyrexia, seizure, anoxia, and metabolic exhaustion to neuronal chromatolysis, terminal destruction, and monoamine and enzymatic depletion have not been systematically explored in human autopsy eases. It should be also noted that, under nonperturbed conditions, overt behavioral deficits are rare in... 

Attitude is a predisposition to act in a certain way. It is the state of readiness that influences a person to act in a given manner (Rahman et al. 1999). Therefore, attitude surveys in agriculture could lead to a more adequate explanation and prediction of farmers economic behavior and have been used on conservation and environmentally related issues focusing on the influence of attitude variables as predictors of conservation behavior (Dimara and Skuras 1999). Dimara and Skuras (1999) concluded from their research that a significant relationship was found between behavior and the goals and intentions of farmers. This relationship is even stronger when statements on attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioral control are included (Bergevoet et al. 2004)... 

Although we believe that the importance of IS is demonstrated throughout this monograph by its usefulness in the various applications discussed, it is of some value to summarize the matter briefly here. IS is becoming a popular analytical tool in materials research and development because it involves a relatively simple electrical measurement that can readily be automated and whose results may often be correlated with many complex materials variables from mass transport, rates of chemical reactions, corrosion, and dielectric properties, to defects, microstructure, and compositional influences on the conductance of solids. IS can predict aspects of the performance of chemical sensors and fuel cells, and it has been used extensively to investigate membrane behavior in living cells. It is useful as an empirical quality control procedure, yet it can contribule to the interpretation of fundamental electrochemical and electronic processes. 

On the road studies fall into two general types those that involve some manipulation of the situation, and thus an independent variable is actually manipulated and those that simply observe behavior of unsuspecting drivers under various naturally occurring situations, d thus all variables - independent and dependent - are not under direct control of the researcher. 

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