Behavior locomotion

Adverse effects on behavior (locomotion, balance, righting response, feeding tasks, behavioral thermoregulation) most apparent within 5 days postinjection... 

Normal behavior locomotion, flight with a basal level of grooming. 

The Locomotion of Amoeba The Locomotion of Fibroblastic Cell Types The Locomotion of Leukocytes The Behavior of Locomoting Cells The Role of the Cytoskeleton in Cell Locomotion The Microtubule-Based Cytoskeleton The Intermediate Filament-Based Cytoskeleton The Microfilament-Based Cytoskeleton The Organization of Microfilaments in Cells Microfilament Dynamics and Cell Locomotion Sites of Lamellar Protrusion May Be Determined by the Nucleation of Actin Polymerization... 

A factor known as scatter factor has been characterized which causes the break up and stimulates motility of epithelial cell clumps (Stoker et al., 1987). This factor is identical to hepatocyte growth factor and increases the rate of locomotion of several other cell types. Motility factors elaborated from tumor cells are considered to play an important role in metastasis (see later). Guidance of cells by the physical topography of the substratum is another factor that profoundly affects the behavior of cells. 

There is a substantial weight of evidence for the cytoskeleton being responsible for the force production and control of cell locomotion. This view has not yet been accepted unanimously. However, an alternative hypothesis continues to be argued which states that membrane cycling is the motive force driving cell locomotion (Bretscher, 1987). One of the predictions of the membrane flow hypothesis is that there should be a discernible flow of lipid from the front to the rear of the cell. Lipid flow has proven very difficult to study, because of the lack of suitable methods to label single lipid molecules and the heterogenous behavior of membrane-associated proteins. The observation that particles were transported rearward when they bound... 

Couchman, J.R., Rees, D.A. (1979). The behavior of fibroblasts migrating from chick heart explants Changes in adhesion, locomotion and growth, and in the distribution of actomyosin and fi-bronectin. J. Cell Sci. 39, 149-165. 

Wilkinson, P.C. (1987). Leukocyte locomotion Behavioral mechanisms for accumulation. J Cell Sci. Suppl. 8, 103-119. 

Experimental design Groups of 12 male NMRI mouse pups were treated by gavage with 0, 50, or 290 mg/kg/day trichloroethylene in a 20% peanut oil emulsion. The pups were treated for 7 days begiiming at 10 days of age. The doses selected did not sedate the mice. At 17 and 60 days of age behavior was tested. The tests were performed between 8 am-12 pm. Locomotion, rearing, and total activity were measured in an automated device with high and low level infrared beams. 

MDMA and MDE also produced locomotor patterns that differed significantly from other stimulants. Previous studies in rats have demonstrated that amphetamine-induced hyperactivity involves complex patterns of widely distributed locomotion with frequent directional changes (Geyer et al. 1986 Geyer et al. 1987). In contrast, similar levels of behavioral activation produced by scopolamine or apomorphine are associated with relatively smooth locomotor paths, in which the same movement patterns are frequently repeated. Other stimulants, such as caffeine or nicotine, increase the amount of locomotor activity without significantly altering its pattern (Geyer... 

At the higher doses, several stages of stereotyped behaviors were seen. The transition from amphetamine-induced locomotion to locomotion associated with stereotyped side-to-side head movements was accompanied by a further reduction in firing rate. In those animals in which focused stereotypy was observed following this period of locomotion plus head movements, neurons showed a still further reduction in firing rate (figure 2). 

NOTE Action potentials are represented as a pulse output from a spike-height discriminator Each vertical line represents one action potential. The firing rate of this neuron during similar pre-and postdrug behaviors is increased by injection of 1.0 mg/kg, SC, amphetamine. This increase occurs for both locomotion (from a mean of 28.3 to 39.0 spikes/sec) and face washing (fiom a mean of 43.7 to 46.5 spikes/sec). 

Locomotion, stereotypy, and ataxia were rated via behavioral observations for all compounds, using behavioral rating scales devised specifically for PCP (Sturgeon et al. 1979). Behaviors were rated by observing each animal for 1 or 2 minutes at the midpoint of each 30-minute dosing interval during collection of the EEG. 

FIGURE 4. Dose-response-curves for the effects of phencyclinoids on (A) locomotion (B) stereotypy and (C) ataxia. Overt behaviors were scored using the behavioral rating scales of Sturgeon et al. (1979). 

The acute CNS effects of MDMA administration are mediated by the release of monoamine transmitters, with the subsequent activation of presynaptic and postsynaptic receptor sites.40 As specific examples in rats, MDMA suppresses 5-HT cell firing, evokes neuroendocrine secretion, and stimulates locomotor activity. MDMA-induced suppression of 5-HT cell firing in the dorsal and median raphe involves activation of presynaptic 5-HT1A autoreceptors by endogenous 5-HT.4142 Neuroendocrine effects of MDMA include secretion of prolactin from the anterior pituitary and corticosterone from the adrenal glands 43 Evidence supports the notion that these MDMA-induced hormonal effects are mediated via postsynaptic 5-HT2 receptors in the hypothalamus, which are activated by released 5-HT. MDMA elicits a unique profile of locomotor effects characterized by forward locomotion and elements of the 5-HT behavioral syndrome such as flattened body posture, Straub tail, and forepaw treading.44 6 The complex motor effects of MDMA are dependent on monoamine release followed by activation of multiple postsynaptic 5-HT and DA receptor subtypes in the brain,47 but the precise role of specific receptor subtypes is still under investigation. 

Spanos, L.J. and Yamamoto, B.K., Acute and subchronic effects of methylenedioxymethamphetamine [(+/-)MDMA] on locomotion and serotonin syndrome behavior in the rat, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 32(4), 835-840, 1989. 

King, G.L. and M.R. Landauer. 1990. Effects of zacopride and BMY25801 (batanopride) on radiation-induced emesis and locomotion behavior in the ferret. Jour. Pharmacol. Exper. Therapeu. 253 1026-1033. 

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