Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminalis

Recent microdialysis studies show that DA transmission in the bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST) is activated by drugs of abuse as efficiently as in the NAc shell (Carboni et al., 2000). The role of this effect in the reinforcing and addictive properties of drugs is unknown. The central amygdala is an area related to the BNST. Local infusion of a D1 antagonist (SCH 23390) in this area impairs cocaine self-administration (Caine et al., 1995). 

Carboni E, Silvagni A, Rolando MT, Di Chiara G (2000) Stimulation of in vivo, dopamine transmission in the bed nucleus of stria terminalis by reinforcing drugs. J Neurosci 20 1-5. 

BSTS bed nucleus of stria terminalis, supracapsular part 21, 83-85, 108-110... 

P. Pali] and J. A. Stamford, "Real-Time Monitoring of Endogenous Noradrenaline Release in Rat-Brain Slices Using Fast Cyclic Voltammetry. 1. Characterization of Evoked Noradrenaline Efflux and Uptake from Nerve-Terminals in the Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminalis, Pars Ventralis," Brain Research, vol. 587, pp. 137-146, Jul 31 1992 G. Voskerician, et al., "In vivo inflammatory and wound heahng effects of gold electrode voltammetry for MEMS micro-reservoir drug delivery device," leee Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 51,pp. 627-635, Apr 2004... 

The shell of the nucleus accumbens, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and the central nucleus of the amygdala, together referred to as the extended amygdala, may play a role in diug addiction. 

Pali), P and Stamford, JA (1993) Real-time monitoring of endogenous noradrenaline release in rat brain slices using fast cyclic voltammetry. 2. Operational characteristics of the alpha2 autoreceptors in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, pars ventralis. Brain Res. 608 134-140. 

Figure 7.4 Summary of some of the wide array of afferent and efferent connections of midbrain dopaminergic neurons (SN/A9, RRF/A8, and VTA/A10 in center of figure). This emphasizes their potential involvement in coordination of seemingly disparate behaviors inclusive of the sleep-wake state of the organism. Abbreviations BP, blood pressure BST, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis CEA, central nucleus of the amygdala MEA, midbrain extrapyramidal area NTS, nucleus of the solitary tract O2, oxygen tension PPN, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus RRF, retrorubral field SN, substantia nigra VTA, ventral tegmental area.

Georges F., Aston-Jones G. (2001). Potent regulation of midbrain dopamine neurons by the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. J. Neurosci. 21(16), RC160. 

Basal forebrain accumbens nuclei, ventral palbdum, bed nucleus of the stria terminahs, diagonal band bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, diagonal band, ventral pallidum... 

A major side-effect of morphine is respiratory depression. Opiates are believed to cause this effect via actions in brainstem nuclei, fi receptor immunoreactivity and mRNA were detected in neurons of the nucleus of the solitary tract, nucleus ambiguous, and parabrachial nucleus. mRNA was detected in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis which projects to the nucleus of the solitary tract, fi receptor immunoreactivity is found in the nucleus of the solitary tract and dorsal rhizotomy reduced receptor immunoreactivity in the nucleus suggesting a presynaptic localization of the receptor. 

The amygdala is perhaps the best-studied, and most strongly implicated, brain structure in anxiety and fear. Electrical stimulation of the amygdala produces fear-like behavioral and physiological responses in animals, and increases the suggestive experience of fear in human subjects. Additionally, amygdala stimulation leads to corticosterone secretion and HPA-axis activation in animals, probably via outputs to the hypothalamus and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. It has been suggested... 

By contrast, the accessory olfactory system is thought to be involved in the detection of odors that influence a variety of reproductive and aggressive behaviors (Keverne 1999). Sensory neurons are located in the vomeronasal organ (VNO) and detect pheromones which gain access to the VNO by a pumping mechanism (Meredith and O Connell, 1979). VNO neurons send projections to the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB). Mitral cells of the AOB project in turn to the medial nucleus of the amygdala olfactory information is then dispatched to several hypothalamic regions such as the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the medial preoptic area and the ventromedial hypothalamus (Scalia and Winans 1975). 

CYP19 mRNA of adult Rhesus monkey is high in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis > medial preoptic/anterior hypothalamus > amygdala intermediate in the medial basal hypothalamus > lateral preoptic/anterior hypothalamus and low In the septum > lateral-dorsal-medial hypothalamus undetectable in cingulate and parietal cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum (Abdelgadir et al., 1997). 

Olive ME, Koenig HN, Nannini MA, Hodge GW. 2002. Elevated extraceUular erf levels in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis during ethanol withdrawal and reduction by subsequent ethanol intake. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 72 (1-2) 213-220. 

GC, in turn, exert a very sensitive negative feedback on the HPA system at the level of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) and the anterior pituitary, and also at the level of the hippocampus, which projects to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the latter which sends off projections to the PVN. In concert with other components of the stress hormone system, the action of corticosterone displays two modes of operation (for review see De Kloet et al. 1998). In the first proactive mode, GC maintain basal activity of the HPA system and control the sensitivity or threshold of the system s response to stress. GC promote coordination of circadian events, such as the... 

NK3 is also abundantly expressed in many limbic structures (Rothman et al. 1984 Shughrue et al. 1996 Spitznagel et al. 2001), while NKB is only produced in discrete areas, including the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the septal nuclei, and the central gray (Merchenthaler et al. 1992). It is conceivable that NKB is not the only ligand at NK3 receptors in the limbic system. 

Gray TS, Magnuson DJ (1992) Peptide immunoreactive neurons in the amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis project to the midbrain central gray in the rat. Peptides 13 451-460... 

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