Gravity Baume

Baume gravity the specific gravity of liqnids expressed as degrees on the Baume (°B or °Be) scale. For liquids lighter than water ... 

These solutions can contain as much as 60 percent (by volume) hydrochloric or sulfuric acid, depending on the shape of the steel and type of steel (high carbon or low carbon) to be cleaned. The solutions are used until either the acid content is too low (Baume gravity scale), or the iron content is too high (titration technique). By the time it is ready to be discarded, pickling solutions can have very high iron concentrations (60 g/L or 0.5 Ib/gal total dissolve iron). These solutions pose one of the most difficult waste disposal problems for the steel industry. There are a few other industries that can use the solutions (mainly for the acid content), but the volume of the solutions can literally flood the market. 

Many process industries use special scales of fluid density, which are usually referred to as gravities. Some are the American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity for oil and petroleum products (Prob. 1.5), Brix gravity for the sugar industry, and Baume gravity for sulfuric acid. Each scale is directly convertible to density, and conversion tables and formulas are widely available. Specific gravities of gases also are used they are based on the density of air at 1 atm and a specific temperature (usually 4 C, sometimes 60 or 70 F). 

Industry uses four different ways to express a fluid s heaviness density, specific gravity, baume gravity, and API gravity. 

Baume gravity is the standard used by Industrial manufacturers to measure nonhydrocarbon heaviness. 

Sprayometer (Parrot and Stewart). This hydrometer which is used in determining the density of lime sulfur solutions has two scales one scale is graduated from 0° to 38° Baume and the other scale is from 1.000 to 1.350 specific gravity. 

Twaddell Hydrometer. This hydrometer, which is used only for liquids heavier than water, has a scale such that when the reading is multiplied by 5 and added to 1000 the resulting number is the specific gravity with reference to water as 1000. To convert specific gravity at 60°/60°F to Twaddell degrees, take the decimal portion of the specific gravity value and multiply it by 200 thus a specific gravity of 1.032 = 0.032 X 200 = 6.4° Tw. See also special table for conversion to density and Baume scale. 

Table 1-12 Specific Gravity, Degrees Baume, Degrees API, Degrees...

To convert degrees API and Baume into Specific Gravity, use the formulas to right ... 

Specific gravity 60/60F - g Degrees API specific gravity - Baume... 

Hydrochloric acid is to be obtained in the cheapest form possible. This is as 18 Baume acid, which is 27.9% hydrochloric acid (specific gravity =1.142). The material will be shipped by 8,000 gal tank truck from a site less than 200 miles away. 

Tables have been published relating Baume, Brix and specific gravity. As density is temperature dependent it is necessary to either bring the syrup to a fixed temperature or, as is more common in practice, to use temperature correction factors or tables. The relationship between density and concentration is slightly different for invert sugar or glucose syrups. The Brix scale is sometimes applied to products that are not sucrose syrups, such as concentrated fruit juice. Recipes are certainly in use that state boil to x Brix . In practice these instructions mean that the material should give the same reading as a sugar syrup of that concentration. As often happens in confectionery these practices have been proved to work empirically.

Hydrometers are calibrated in density, specific gravity, and several arbitrary units such as degrees Baume (°Be), degrees American Petroleum Institute (°API), or °Brix. These units are used for specialized purposes in various industries. The relationship between the specific gravity (sp. gr.) of a liquid with a density less than water and these specialized units is given by the following equations ... 

To convert hydrometer readings or specific gravities to °Baume for liquids heavier than water, the following formula is used ... 

The petroleum industry uses API gravity standards to describe hydrocarbons. Baume measurements are used by industrial manufacturers for nonhydrocarbons. 

Baume hydrometer scale phys chem A calibration scale for liquids that is reducible to specific gravity by the following formulas for liquids heavier than water, specific gravity = H5 a- — n) at 60°F for liquids lighter than water, specific gravity = 140 a- (130 + n) at 60°F n is the reading on the Baume scale, in degrees Baume Baume is abbreviated Be. bo ma hT dram-ad-ar, skal )... 

Specific gravity 6076(TF °Baume "API Specific gravity 60760°F Baume °FAPI... 

Degrees Brix Degrees Baume Refractive index at 20°C Specific gravity 20720°C... 

Specific Gravity.—The sp. gr. of tanning solutions is determined (usually at 150 C.) with the Westphal balance or with a hydrometer or, in industrial practice, with the Baume hydrometer.2... 

For definite qualities of raw materials the specific gravities or degrees Baum of the solutions are sometimes used in industrial practice to deduce, from suitable tables compiled empirically, the approximate content in tannin and in total soluble matter. 

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