Baume measurement

The petroleum industry uses API gravity standards to describe hydrocarbons. Baume measurements are used by industrial manufacturers for nonhydrocarbons. 

Density. Measurement of density is widely used in the sugar industry to determine the sugar concentration of symps, Hquors, juices, and molasses. The instmment used is called a hydrometer or a spindle. When it is graduated in sucrose concentration (percent sucrose by weight), it is called a Brix hydrometer or a Brix spindle. Brix is defined as the percent of dry substance by hydrometry, using an instmment or table caUbrated in terms of percent sucrose by weight in water solution. Hydrometers are also graduated in °BaumH, stiU in use in some industries. The relationship between °BaumH and density, ing/cm, is °Baumn Baum e = 145(1 — 1/d). 

Eich amt, n gaging office, office of weights and measures. apfel, m. oak gall, gall nut. baum, m. oak tree. 

The second method, based on measurements of IR reflection spectra, is simpler and enables working with larger volumes of molten salt. No special problems involving temperature and atmosphere control exist. The method was used successfully by Fordyce and Baum [336-338] in the investigation of fluoride melts containing tantalum and niobium. 

This is consistent with the temperature measurements reported by Baum and McCaffrey [14],... 

The effect of agitation, as produced by a rotary stirrer, for example, on mass transfer rates has been investigated by Hixson and Baum 2-1 who measured the rate of dissolution of pure salts in water. The degree of agitation is expressed by means of a dimensionless group (Nd2p/fx) in which ... 

The Russian word "rabotosposobnost or "capacity of doing work corresponds to Engl "power , while the word "sila (pronounced sceela) means "force and can also be called "strength (See Ref 20, p 644-45 Ref 21, p 92 Ref 22, p 466). For practical determination of "rabotosposob-nost one uses in Russia Trauzl Test (Ref 20, p 647 Ref 22, p 466), as well as Ballistic Pendulum Test and Ballistic Mortar Test (Ref 22, pp 469-74). One can also use the Cratering Test (Ref 22, p 474) and a method based on the measurement of shock pressure (Ref 22, p 475). In the book of Baum et al (Ref 20, p 645) it is stated that "sila (F) can be calcd from the equation ... 

Measurement of detonation pressure) 363-69 (Peak pressure-distance relationships curves) 41) Cook (1958), 32-35 (Measurement of deton pressure) 265-68 (Maximum available work and peak blast pressure) 4la) I. Ginsburgh, JAppl-Phys 29, 1381-82(1958) (Abnormal pressures in a shock tube) 41b) D. Price, ChemRevs 59, 801-25(1959) (Substituted in her discussions the term "detonation pressure for "brisance and "detonation energy for "power ) 42) Baum, Stanyu-kovich Shekhter (1959), 139-43 (Bichel bomb for detn of pressure) 43) Bandurin Rukin (1959), 69-74 (Pressure of gases formed on expln in a closed vessel)... 

Thus in the expected HE range of 2.5 greater than that computed by the Gurney method. As will be shown later,Io by Gurney s method is in better accord with measurements than I0 by Baum s method... 

M,A.Cook et al, JChemPhys 24, 191-201 (1956) (Rate of reaction of TNT in detonation by direct pressure measurements) 22)Dunkle s Syllabus (1957-1958) (See Vol 4 of Encycl, p XLIX) p 126 (Reaction front in detonation) 135-42 (Thermal decomposition of solids) 23)M.A.Cook, "The Science of High Explosives , Reinhold NY(1958), pp 123-42 (Reaction rate in detonation) 174-87 (Thermal decomposition of soli ds) 386-89 (Thermochemistry of detonation and expltr) 24)F.A.Baum, K.P.Sranyukovich B.I.Shekhter "Fizika Vzryva , Moscow (1959), pp 81-108 (Thermochemistry of explosives) 25)K.K.An-dreev A. F. Belyaev, " Teoria Vzryvcha-rykh Veshchestv Moscow(1960), p 49-56 (Thermal expln in gases) p 56—61 (Thermal explosion in solids) 26) Encycl of Expls PATR 2700, Vol 1 (I960), p A501 (Atomic expins, chain reactions in) 27)F.M.Turner,... 

As of this writing, there is some controversy about the gas phase structure of the ammonia dimer (Baum, R. M., Chem. Eng. News, 1992, October 19, 20-23). The traditional view of the dimer, containing a linear hydrogen bond, which is supported by most theoretical and experimental studies, has been question by Klemperer and co-workers on the basis of microwave measurements (Klemperer, W. Nelson Jr., D. D. Fraser, G. T., Science, 1987, 238, 1670). 

Fan, P., Li, M., Brodsky, B., and Baum, J. (1993). Backbone dynamics of (Pro-Hyp-Gly) 10 and a designed collagen-like triple-helical peptide by 15N NMR relaxation and hydrogen-exchange measurements. Biochemistry 32, 13299-13309. 

Baum FRA, Carpenter JR Cope C, et al, Aneurysm sac pressure measurements after endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms, J Vase Surg 2001 33( I ) 32—41,... 

Baum reported a potentiometric determination of acetylcholine activity using an organic-cation-selective electrode [15], The performance of a liquid membrane electrode selective for acetylcholine (Corning No. 476.200) was investigated. Measurements of the potential difference at various concentration of acetylcholine were made against a calomel reference-electrode. 

Both prerenal factors (dehydration, blood loss, altered vasomotor tone, age-related decreases in renal blood flow in rats) and postrenal factors (obstruction or extravasation of urine to the peritoneal cavity) may cause elevations of the commonly measured analytes that do not reflect primary kidney injury. Plasma analytes also cannot be used to determine the location of renal injury (glomerular versus tubular, or tubular segment affected) (Baum et al. 1975 Corman and Michel 1987 Finco 1997 Newman and Price 1999). 

In a different kind of study, Hixson and Baum (H5) measured the heat-transfer coefficients between liquid and solid phases of the same material in unbaffled agitated vessels by putting relatively large frozen pieces (up to about 3 in.) into the liquid and observing the rate of melting. They correlated their results using the same groups as discussed previously ... 

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