Batteries Impedance analysis

Osaka, T., and T. Momma. 1993. Impedance analysis of electropolymerized conducting polymers for polymer battery cathodes. Electrochim Acta 38 2011. 

Ions diffuse toward the center of particles, therefore their diffusion path is limited, e.g. the boundary condition is reflective. Impedance analysis of the finite length diffusion for different electrode geometries and boundary conditions is summarized by Jacobsen and West [1995]. Particle geometries occurring in battery materials are thin plate (planar), spherical, and cylindrical. Below are equations for corresponding geometries, modified so that parameters are expressed in electrical terms. 

The subject of the study of passivation processes by impedance analysis has been extensively reviewed by Epelboin et al [19]. Other areas where the impedance method has been developed include solid electrolytes and superionic conductors [20], electrocrystallisation [21] and state-of-charge testing of primary batteries [22]. Numerous other examples of the use of a.c. techniques have been collected together by Gabrielli [23],... 

D. Mukoyama, T. Momma, H. Nara, T. Osaka, Electrochemical impedance analysis on degradation of commercially available lithium ion battery during charge/discharge cycling , Chem. Lett., 41,444 46,2012. 

Arai H, Muller S, Haas O (2000) AC impedance analysis of bifunctional air electrode for metal air batteries. J Electrochem Soc 146 3584... 

PPy appears to be the other popular material [83-94], and in fact various industrial laboratories are presently working on Li/PPy battery systems Scrosati s group [84,85] described the operational characteristics of batteries based on the PPy/LiC104-PC/Li system. On the basis of complex impedance analysis, they showed that the operation of the cells is mainly controlled by diffusion and their efficiency is affected by the morphology of the polymer. It was suggested that the electrode thickness should be about 1-2 fim. and the PPy synthesis should be carried out at a current density of 50-100 A m with a doping level of 30-40%. 

Ruffo R, Hong SS, Chan CK, Huggins RA, Cui Y (2009) Impedance analysis of silicon nano wire lithium ion battery anodes. J Phys Chem C 113 11390-11398... 

The experimental techniques described above of charge—discharge and impedance are nondestructive. Tear-down analysis or disassembly of spent cells and an examination of the various components using experimental techniques such as Raman microscopy, atomic force microscopy, NMR spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, XAS, and the like can be carried out on materials-spent battery electrodes to better understand the phenomena that lead to degradation during use. These techniques provide diagnostic techniques that identify materials properties and materials interactions that limit lifetime, performance, and thermal stabiity. The accelerated rate calorimeter finds use in identifying safety-related situations that lead to thermal runaway and destruction of the battery. 

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a powerful tool for examining the processes occurring at the electrode surfaces. EIS is a kind of electrochemical analysis method which can be used in the characterization of batteries, fuel cells, and corrosion phenomena. 

Lithium transport through transition metal oxides and carbonaceous materials is of paramount importance in rechargeable lithium batteries. The chapter by Drs. H. -C. Shin and Su-11 Pyun from KAIST, Korea, examines critically the diffusion control models, used routinely for current transients (CT) analysis, and demonstrates that, quite frequently, the cell current is controlled by the total cell impedance and not by lithium diffusion alone. This interesting chapter, rich in new experimental data, also provides a new method for CT analysis and an explanation for the existing discrepancy in Li diffusivity values obtained by the diffusion control CT analysis and other methods. 

E. Barsoukov, J.H. Jang, and H. Lee, Thermal impedance spectroscopy for Li-ion batteries using heat-pulse response analysis, Journal of power sources, vol. 109, no. 2, pp. 313-320, 2002. 

Seki S et al (2005) Degradation mechaiusm analysis of all-solid-state lithium polymer secondary batteries by using the impedance measurement. J Power Sour 146 741... 

Electrochemical impedance tests usually investigate the interface between an electrode material and a solution (for example corrosion tests may investigate different coated metals in a salt solution, while battery/fuel cell tests may investigate different electrode materials in an electrolyte). Electrochemical impedance tests provide complementary information to that obtained from dc electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry, pulse voltammetry, ohmic drop analysis, and chronoamperometry. 

The dEldc dependence on state of charge of battery materials is also significantly different from Nemstian but is often weU described by the Frumkin isotherm which takes into account attractive or repulsive interactions of adsorbed species, as reviewed by Levi and Aurbach [1999]. The actual dE/dc in the case of any particular material can be obtained by discharge/relaxation experiments, and knowledge of its value can significantly assist quantitative analysis of impedance spectra, as will be shown in the section on battery-spedfic improvanent in impedance spectra fitting. 

The anode of a Ni-Cd battery typically consists of a mix of Cd and CdO powders with the addition of a conductive additive (acetylene black). The impedance of the anode-particle surface is determined by the activated adsorption of OH anions first on the metal surface, with subsequent conversion into Cd(OH)2 and hydrated CdO layers (Duhirel et al. [1992])). Reaction products are also present in a partly dissolved Cd(OH)3" state. The activated adsorption mechanism of the anode reaction, as well as porous structure of the electrode, makes it appropriate to use for its analysis the equivalent circuit shown in Figure 4.5.14. It was shown by Xiong et al. [1996], by separate impedance measurements on the anode and cathode, that most of the impedance decrease during discharge is due to the anode, as the initial formation of a Cd(OH)Jrate limiting step of the reaction. The... 

K. S. Hwang, C. O. Yoon, and H. Lee [2000] Parametric Analysis using Impedance Spectroscopy Relationship between Material Properties and Battery Performance, / New Materials for Electrochem. Sys. 3, 301-308. 

C. Yoon, Y. Barsukov, and J. H. Kim [2001] Method of and Apparatus for Measuring Battery Capacity by Impedance Spectrum Analysis, United States Patent 6,208,... 

Analysis that included PTC resistance and cell ac impedance measurements indicated that the PTCs in the test cells removed from the Canon batteries had been compromised (increased resistance) during removal from the battery packs. This confirmed the fact that once-activated PTCs activate at lower currents and temperatures. Activated PTCs may also have a reduced threshold voltage that needs to be confirmed by further testing. 

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