Basic Policy Decisions

A further letter from the Office C VI of February 11, 1943,141 to the Commandant again expressly states, probably with reference to the letter of June 5, 1940 [ ] cts per the prohibition against the use of HCN for disinfestation [...] . This means that all efforts were to be made to convert all facilities to be operated with the only really reliable method available—HCN—but that the use of HCN was allowed only where and if the necessary safety and reliability of the method was assured, e., makeshift delousing chambers were not allowed to be operated with HCN. 

Men in positions of authority, accustomed to decision-making, and faced with a dangerous epidemic capable of spreading to the civilian population with incalculable consequences, will always take suitable 

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One of the primary applications of pharmacoeconomics in clinical practice today is to aid clinical and policy decision making. Through the appropriate application of pharmacoeconomics, practitioners and administrators can make better, more-informed decisions regarding the products and services they provide. Complete pharmacotherapy decisions should contain assessments of three basic outcome areas whenever appropriate clinical, economic, and humanistic outcomes. Traditionally, most drug therapy decisions were based solely on the cfinical outcomes (e.g., safety and efficacy) associated with a treatment alternative. Over the past lOto 15 years, it has become quite popular also to include an assessment of the economic outcomes associated with a treatment alternative. The current trend is also to... 

Anne E. Lindsay. Chief of the Policy and Special Projects Staff, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S.E.P.A., speaking from the perspective of a regulatory official, was struck by the amount and complexity of information needed to answer what seem to be simple questions pertaining to whether we can use a product safely or whether food treated with pesticides is really safe to eat. As a regulatory agency, it is EPA s role to perform that task on the public s behalf to take a lot of different kinds of information, evaluate it, and produce a very basic, public decision that a pesticide can or cannot be used. 

The idea behind the decentralisation in 1994 was to make the labour policy decision as close to the individual and the enterprises as possible, and by doing so to make sure the local labour market policy matched the local needs. The state drew up the economic framework and laid down the basic rules, and then the regional labour market councils prioritised the efforts locally (for driving forces behind the reform see Madsen and Pedersen 2003). 

This response had to do with the engineering colleges reaction to the Danish parliaments legislation establishing the University College system (LBK 215) from 2013. This response also affected the Danish universities. Even prior to this legislation, several other policy decisions had aheady altered the basic character of... 

The process of X p validation and refinement starts with a final detailed analysis of its realization, through the computation of (yj. XDp) and o (y Xup), k = 0,l,...,K, estimates. If for some reason one or more infimal decision units judge the implementation of X p to be unacceptable, an additional attempt is made to refine the decision policy and find a revised version of it, X p, that is accepted and validated by all infimal decision units, through additional applications of basic to the decision units in conflict with the initial X p version (see Saraiva, 1993 Saraiva and Stephanopoulos, 1992d, for details). 

Let s assume that the inputs to the supremal decision unit are a subset of all the decision variables attached to infimal decision units, consisting of those variables that are believed to be particularly influential with respect to the operation of the overall system. Then, an application of basic to DUj, results directly in the identification of a decision policy, X p. This decision policy is then passed down to the lower level in the hierarchy, where it is submitted to a process of validation and refinement by all infimal decision units that is identical to the one that takes place in the bottom-up approach. 

The basic tenets of the proposed policy is to encourage the manufacturer to reduce or eliminate the N-nitroso contaminant level in his product, or failing this to establish that the level does not exceed an "acceptable risk to the user of the pesticide or the general public. This latter process of evaluation also requires that the Agency consider the benefits of this pesticide together with the risk in order to reach a final decision. Since there might be hundreds of products falling under this policy, the... 

Establishing the value of diese different assumptions would seem to be a basic component of public health policy. The exercise involves decisions on the magnitude of a socially acceptable risk. This needs to be assessed in the light of observed toxic effect, quality of information on residue toxicity and content, benefit-risk trade-off assessment determined by the therapeutic or productive... 

Constructive prospects to solution of this problem are connected with the development and application of complex models to evaluate possible changes in climate and socio-economic development. Parson and Fisher-Vanden (1997,1999) and Dess-ler and Parson (2005) prepared a detailed overview of the methods and results of numerical modeling of global climate changes with the dynamics of socio-economic processes taken into account, in which basic aspects of so-called integrated assessments (IAs) were discussed. The main goal of such developments is substantiation of recommendations for decision-makers in the sphere of ecological policy. 

For a small and fledgling professional society, the EMS was long on relatively powerful members—not just those scientists who had distinguished track records in basic genetics but also those in science policy, funding, regulation, and administration with access to decision makers in universities and in fed-... 

Many of the instruments presented above have their main focus on information dissemination and education of the public. Respecting the citizens right to know and giving access to information is a basic prerequisite for community involvement but as a one-way relation it is not enough to fully integrate the civil society in policy processes. Additional measures are needed to make sure that each citizen can have a say in public decision-making. 

Mandatory school uniforms are a bad decision for our district. If students are required to wear a uniform, it will greatly inhibit their ability to express themselves. This is a problem because dress is one of the major ways that young people express themselves. A school uniform policy also directly violates the freedom of expression that all Americans are supposed to enjoy. Consequently, young people will doubt that their basic rights are protected, which... 

The twin principles of fuel neutrality and diversity have been enshrined in key federal policies of the past two decades, including the Alternative Motor Fuels Act (AMFA) of 1988 and the Energy Policy Act (EPACT) of 1992. While there are some notable exceptions to this basic respect of market decision making, the effects of non-neutral, strategically oriented policies also remain largely negligible, at least in the context of recent history. 

Pharmacoeconomic data can be a powerful tool to support various clinical decisions, ranging from the level of the patient to the level of an entire health care system. Figure 1-2 shows various decisions that may be supported using pharmacoeconomics, including effective formulary management, individual patient treatment, medication policy, and resource aUocation. For discussion purposes, the application of pharmacoeconomics to decision making is divided into two basic areas drug therapy evaluation and clinical pharmacy service evaluation. 

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