Barley Europe

On ornamental plants CCC is appHed to a2aleas, geraniums, and hibiscus (Hibiscus sp] to make compact plants, and to poinsettias to reduce stem height and increase the red color of the bracts. A considerable amount of work has been carried out on cereals with CCC to reduce stem length and inhibit lodging. In Europe, the effect of CCC on shortening the culms of cereals is dependent upon the genotype. It has been demonstrated that the effect is as follows wheat > triticale > durum wheat > rye > oats > barley > corn = millet = rice (37). In barley, culms are initially inhibited but later the plant overcomes the inhibition (37). This has been attributed to poor assimilation, translocation, and rapid breakdown in wheat (38). 

Mepiquat chloride is mixed with 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid to control lodging of winter barley in Europe under the name Terpal. The plants are treated after the first nodes have become visible and treatments may be appHed until the flag leaf develops. Terpal is not used in the United States. 

In Europe in 1996, the largest area devoted to organic arable crops was in Denmark (91000 ha), with Italy next (62000 ha) and then France (34000 ha). This compares with 4800 ha devoted to organic arable crops in Great Britain (Foster Lampkin, 1999). However, by 2003 this had increased dramatically to 44413 ha (Soil Association, 2003). Changes in crop areas are shown in Table 5.1. Of the total crop area of 4 515 000 ha in 1996, wheat occupied 44% of the area. The area of spring barley had decreased by nearly 50% from the 1988 figure. 

Cu wheat, oats, barley, alfalfa, sunflower, water melon, onion, spinach, lettuce, carrots, lucerne, Sudam grass, citrus, conifers, sheep South /Western Australia, China, Americas, Africa, Europe... 

Hernando, A., Mujico, J. R., Mena, M. C., Lombardia, M., and Mendez, E. (2008). Measurement of wheat gluten and barley hordeins in contaminated oats from Europe, the United States and Canada by Sandwich R5 Elisa. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 20(6), 545-554. 

Herbicides. The use of herbicides (qv) based on iodine compounds has its main market in Western Europe. In Canada and the United States these compounds are used only to a small extent. The only significant iodine-containing herbicide is ioxynil [1689-85 4] (4,-hydroxy-3,5,-diiodobenzoic acid). This compound, often used in combination with other herbicides, is formulated for controlling many annual broad-leaved weeds, especially black-bindweed, knotgrass, mayweeds, and com marigold post-emergence in wheat, barley, oats, rye, and triticale (142). Annual consumption of iodine in relation to ioxynils is considered to be about 300—500 t (66). 

Table II. Average Yield of Wheat and Barley (dt/ha) in Western Europe 1982.

Outside of the use of cellulose for papermaking, starch is the most widely used plant-derived carbohydrate for non-food uses. Around 60 million tonnes of raw starch are produced per year for food and non-food uses. The US accounts for most of the world s production, utilising starch from maize, which accounts for over 80% of world production. The starch market in the US is driven by the large isoglucose sweetener market and now increasingly by the growing bioethanol market, which uses maize as a fermentation feedstock. Europe derives most of its starch from wheat and potatoes, which account for 8% and 5% of world starch production, respectively. The other main source of starch is cassava (tapioca), produced in South East Asia. Small amounts of oat, barley and rice are also exploited for starch production. Many edible beans are also rich in starches, but are not commonly exploited for non-food uses. 

The use of cellulase in this application is most prominent in western Europe. The use of cellulase in corn/soy feeds, which are the most prominent in the US, has not been successful. Corn and soy are more easily digested than barley and wheat and less apt to result in a highly viscous feed. 

The two-row barleys are chiefly grown in Europe, although they are raised in this country in Montana, Idaho, New York, etc., to a limited extent. On account of their relatively high carbohydrate content and low protein, they are particularly adapted to use in the brewery. 

EL-107 is a selective preemergence herbicide for the control of broad-leaved weeds in winter cereals. It has been field-tested in Europe at rates between 50-400 g active ingredient/ha. Applied at rates of 100-200 g active ingredient/ha EL-107 provided season-long control of Matricaria spp., Stellaria media, Viola spp.. Polygonum spp. Veronica spp. and several other broad-leaved weeds. Its only effect on crop development is some reduction in lateral root production after applications in excess of 300 g active ingredient/ha for wheat, 400 g active ingredient/ha for barley. 

The larger species of earthworms common in the United States and Europe, such as Lumbricus terrestris, have a length of up to about 25 cm. Other smaller, and usually more abundant forms, may be only one-tenth this long. In weight, the variation may be from about 0.05 to 5.0 g per animal. Walton (1935) states that in Africa, Ceylon, and Australia earthworms have been found that are 3—9 ft. long. Fortunately, they have not gained a foothold elsewhere. For more information on the characteristics of the various species and their activities reference should be made to Kevan (1955, 1962), Satchell (1958, 1967), Barley (1961), Kiihnelt (1961), Russell (1961) and Doeksen and Van der Drift... 

---