Peroxy nitrite

Additional physical studies and calculations have been performed on peroxy-nitrite (Koppenol and Klasinc, 1993 Kraus, 1994)- Part of the infrared spectrum of peroxynitrite anion in a solid state matrix has been reported (Plumb and Edwards, 1991). 

Beckman, J. S., and Siedow, J. N. (1985). Bactericidal agents generated by the peroxy-nitrite-catalyzed oxidation of para-hydroquinones. J. Biol. Chem. 260, 14604-14609. 

Carreras, M. C., Pargament, G. A., Catz, S. D., Poderoso, J. J., and Boveris, A. (1994b). Kinetics of nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide production and formation of peroxy-nitrite during the respiratory burst of human neutrophils. FEBS Lett. 341, 65-68. 

When compound (3) was treated under an oxygen atmosphere, the formed carbon-centered radical via 1,5-H shift reacts with molecular oxygen to form ultimately alkyl nitrate (4) via the formation of peroxy nitrite (eq. 6.3). 

Pannala, A.S., Rice-Evans, C.A., HaUiwell, B., and Singh, S., Inhibition of peroxy-nitrite-mediated tyrosine nitration by catechin polyphenols, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 232, 164—168, 1997. 

Koppenol WH. (1998) The basic chemistry of nitrogen monoxide and peroxy-nitrite. Free Radio Biol Med 25 385-391. 

A striking example is control of the steady state level of superoxide radical anion (Oj"). Although superoxide anions are not very reactive, they playa prominent role in oxidative stress by triggering formation of peroxy nitrite. The control of their steady state level is thus vital for cells. In most living organisms the well-known metalloenzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD), present in almost all aerobic cells catalyzes the disproportionation of into HjOj and Oj ... 

Nitryl chloride, formed from peroxynitrite and HOCl is also capable of nitrating, chlorinating and hydroxylating tyrosine [ 116]. However, the reduction of nitrotyrosine by hypohalous acid has also been demonstrated. Several recent studies indicate that peroxynitrite can lead to generation of both nitrated and hydroxylated phenylalanine residues. The formation of 3-nitrotyrosine and 4-nitrophenylalanine was favoured over the hydroxylation reaction when phenylalanine was treated with peroxy nitrite in vitro [117]. 

Selenium compounds are more active electron donors compared to analogous sulphur compounds and play a wide role in biochemical systems. They can decompose peroxides (Caldwell and Tappel 1964,1965) and can act as antioxidants (Dillard et al. 1978) and free radical scavengers (Ursini and Bindoli 1987). Masumoto and Siess (1996) and Masumoto et al. (1996) have shown that peroxy-nitrite rapidly oxidises ebselen and its main metabolite to the corresponding selenoxides. The results of Padmaja et al. (1997) suggest that CO2 partially protects methionine selenoxide from peroxynitrite-mediated oxidation and that 0=N-00-C02 or its derivatives do not mediate the oxidation of d,l-selenomethionine or methionine selenoxide. 

Cobbs et al. (2001) showed that p53, a key tumour suppressor protein, has evidence of peroxy-nitrite-mediated modifications in gliomas in vitro. 

The superoxide radical anion reacts at an exceptionally high rate (k = 1.9 x 10 lmol s ) with nitrogen oxide (NO), the monomer being present as the free radical, to give peroxy nitrite (ONOO ). NO is formed in animal and plant foods from arginine by nitrogen oxide synthase (cf. 9.8.1). It is relatively stable with a half life of 400 s (H2O). Peroxy nitrite is a versatile oxidant it oxidizes unsaturated fatty acids, ascorbic acid, tocopherols, uric acid and amino acids, among... 

The neuroprotective effects of sinapic acid and sinapine have been reported (Zou et al., 2002 Yang and He, 2008 Kim et al., 2010). Zou et al. (2002) reported that sinapic acid has a peroxy nitrite scavenging effect, and suggested that sinapic acid might play a crucial role in the neuronal protection against the peroxy nitrite-associated diseases. Yun et al. (2008) observed that sinapic acid had an anti-inflammatory effect... 

---