Bacterial toxins toxin

Keim-freiheit,/. freedom from germs, sterility, -gtft, n. poison from germs, bacterial toxin poison for germs. 

Coronafacic acid, a bacterial toxin, was synthesized using a key step that involves three sequential pericyclic reactions. Identify them, and propose a mechanism for the overall transformation. How would you complete the synthesis ... 

Bacterial Toxins. Table 1 Intracellular acting exotoxins... 

Barbieri JT, Riese MJ, Aktories K (2002) Bacterial toxins that modify the actin cytoskeleton. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 18 315-344... 

Heterotrimeric GTP-binding Proteins Small GTPases Bacterial Toxins... 

Clostridial neurotoxins are bacterial protein toxins that consist of a heavy and a light chain connected by a disulfide bond and non-covalent interactions. They... 

Septicemia is generally a serious illness caused by the presence of bacteria and/or bacterial toxins in the blood (blood poisoning). 

A subfamily of Rho proteins, the Rnd family of small GTPases, are always GTP-bound and seem to be regulated by expression and localization rather than by nucleotide exchange and hydrolysis. Many Rho GTPase effectors have been identified, including protein and lipid kinases, phospholipase D and numerous adaptor proteins. One of the best characterized effector of RhoA is Rho kinase, which phosphorylates and inactivates myosin phosphatase thereby RhoA causes activation of actomyosin complexes. Rho proteins are preferred targets of bacterial protein toxins ( bacterial toxins). 

Back Propagation Bacterial Toxins Bacteriophage Barbiturates Baroreceptor Reflex (3 Barrel... 

Glycosphingolipids are constituents of the outer leaflet of plasma membranes and are important in cell adhesion and cell recognition. Some are antigens, eg, ABO blood group substances. Certain gangliosides function as receptors for bacterial toxins (eg, for cholera toxin, which subsequently activates adenylyl cyclase). 

Bacterial toxins Heat-labile enterotoxin of Ecoli and cholera toxin... 

IgG Main antibody in the secondary response. Opsonizes bacteria, making them easier to phagocytose. Fixes complement, which enhances bacterial killing. Neutralizes bacterial toxins and viruses. Crosses the placenta. 

It has the ability to cross the placenta and therefore provides a major line of defence against infection for the newborn. This can be reinforced by transfer ofcolostral IgG across the gut mucosa of the neonate. It diffuses readily into the extravascular spaces where it can act in the neutralization of bacterial toxins and can bind to microorganisms enhancing the process of phagocytosis (opsonization). This is due to the presence on the phagocytic cell surface of a receptor for Fc. 

Vaccines achieve their protective effects by stimulating a recipient s immune system to synthesize antibodies that promote the destruction of infecting microbes or neutralize bacterial toxins. This form of protection, known as active immunity, develops in the course of days and in the cases of many vaccines develops adequately only after two or three doses of vaccine have been given at intervals of days or weeks. Once established. 

Toxoid vaccines. Toxoid vaccines are preparations derived fiom the toxins that are seereted by eertain species of bacteria, hi the manufacture of such vaccines, the toxin is separated fiem the bacteria and treated in a way that eliminates toxicity without eliminating immunogenicity. Formalin (ca. 38% of formaldehyde gas in water) is used for this purpose and consequently the treated toxins are often referred to as formol toxoids. Toxoid vaccines are veiy effective in the prevention of those diseases such as diphtheria and tetanus in which the harmful effects of the infecting bacteria are due to the deleterious action of bacterial toxins on physiology and biochemistry. 

Detoxification. The process by which bacterial toxins are converted to harmless toxoids. Formalin is used to detoxify the toxins of both Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Clostridium tetani. The detoxification may be performed either on the whole culture in the fermenter or on the purified toxin after fractionation. 

Free formalin. Inactivation of bacterial toxins with formalin may lead to the presence of small amounts of tree formalin in the final product. The concentration, as estimated by colour development with acetylacetone, must not exceed 0.02%. 

In each of the assays of potency the amount of the immunoglobulin and the amount of a corresponding standard preparation that are required to neutralize the infectivity or other biological activity of a defined amount of virus or to neutralize a defined amount of a bacterial toxin are determined. The two determined amounts and the assigned unitage of the standard preparation are then used to calculate the potency of the immunoglobulin in International Units (lU). ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. 

Pool concentration of a substance that exceeds the threshold - for example megadose vitamin C - or substances that are excreted unchanged because they cannot be metabolised, such as sugar alcohols, or compounds that are not biologically essential, such as carcinogens, bacterial toxins and some minor plant constituents, are also bioavailable (and thus bioactive) in that they have a metabolic impact, even if this is only the stimulation of detoxification processes, or the use of energy for their excretion. 

The several liters of fluid that are secreted each day by the GIT mucosa, pancreas and gall bladder, and other associated glands are necessary for the digestion of feedstufifs. Due to efficient reabsorption, less than 100 ml of fluid and only a small percentage of the secreted electrolytes are lost in the feces. The disturbances of mucosal secretion and reabsorption of water and electrolytes caused by various bacterial toxins, such as cholera, are well established. 

Crude chloroform-methanol-water (30 60 8, v/v) extracts of immunostainedTLC bands were analyzed without further purification by nanoelectrospray low-energy mass spectrometry. The authors showed that this effective PLC/MS-joined procedure offers a wide range of applications for any carbohydrate-binding agents such as bacterial toxins, plant lectins, and others. Phenyl-boronic acid (PBA) immobilized on stationary support phases can be put to similar applications. This technology, named boronate affinity chromatography (BAC), consists of a chemical reaction of 1,2- and 1,3-diols with the bonded-phase PBA to form a stable... 

Once injured or activated by a toxic substance (e.g., bacterial toxins, placenta chemicals, snake venom, etc.), endothelial cells and monocytes respond by generating tissue factor on the cell surface. This, in turn, leads to the generation of tissue factor-factor Villa complexes, followed by unregulated and excessive generation of thrombin, fibrin, systemic microthrombi and consumption of coagulation factors,... 

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