Bacteria that use

Enrichment factors during the anaerobic degradation of o-xylene, m-xylene, m-cresol, and p-cresol by pure cultures of sulfate-reducing bacteria that use the fumarate pathway ranged from -1.5 to -3.9 ppm (Morasch et al. 2004). It was therefore proposed that this could be applied to evaluating in situ bioremediation of contaminants that use this pathway for biodegradation. 

Among the bacteria that can inhabit an oil reservoir are the sulfur bacteria that use sulfur compounds in their metabolism. These bacteria produce hydrogen sulhde, which has been responsible for extensive corrosion in the oil field. Thus exclusion of these bacteria from MEOR is highly desirable. The net effect of souring a reservoir is a decrease in the economic value of the reservoir [1835]. 

In some cases, microorganisms can transform a contaminant, but they are not able to use this compound as a source of energy or carbon. This biotransformation is often called co-metabolism. In co-metabolism, the transformation of the compound is an incidental reaction catalyzed by enzymes, which are involved in the normal microbial metabolism.33 A well-known example of co-metabolism is the degradation of (TCE) by methanotrophic bacteria, a group of bacteria that use methane as their source of carbon and energy. When metabolizing methane, methanotrophs produce the enzyme methane monooxygenase, which catalyzes the oxidation of TCE and other chlorinated aliphatics under aerobic conditions.34 In addition to methane, toluene and phenol have been used as primary substrates to stimulate the aerobic co-metabolism of chlorinated solvents. 

Glu-AdT inhibitors (20 and 21) (Figure 14) inhibited growth of several bacteria that use the transamidation pathway (5. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, E. faecalis, H. pylori) Notably, these compounds did not inhibit growth of two E. coli strains, consistent with the absence of Glu-AdT in this microorganism. 

Denitrification The conversion of fixed nitrogen, typically nitrate, into N2 gas. This is achieved by heterotrophic bacteria that use nitrate as an electron acceptor under suboxic and anoxic conditions. 

The ammonium ion (NH4+), produced by fermentative bacteria that use nitrite as an oxidant, or produced during the decomposition of organic materials, is an important source of nitrogen for many plants and bacteria. Nevertheless, under vigorous aerobic conditions much of the NH4+ so produced is converted back to nitrite and nitrate by nitrifying bacteria. 

Natural examples for conversion of light energy are plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria that used light to synthesize organic sugar-type compounds through photosynthesis. 

Methylamine dehydrogenase (MADH) catalyses the oxidative conversion of primary amines to aldehyde and ammonia. This enzyme is found in several methylotrophic bacteria that use amines as their principal source of carbon and energy. Experiments show unusually large primary kinetic isotope effects for the rate-limiting proton transfer step in the MADH reaction. These results imply that there is a large contribution to the proton transfer reaction from quantum tunnelling. Experiments also show that there is almost no dependence of the primary kinetic isotope effect on temperature for the methylamine substrate.151... 

The process of dissimilatory dentrification occurs anaerobically and is mediated by bacteria that use nitrate in place of oxygen as an acceptor of electrons during respiration. The result is the formation of molecular nitrogen and nitrous oxide. The nitrous oxide plays a role in the chemistry of stratospheric ozone and is, therefore, extremely important bio-geochemically. These bacteria are heterotrophic and derive energy from the anaerobic oxidation of organic compounds. 

Restriction enzymes (also known as restriction endonucleases) are enzymes that cut double-stranded DNA at very specific recognition sites. They were originally discovered in bacteria that use them to restrict the growth of viruses but are now among the workhorse enzymes of biotechnology and recombinant DNA research. 

These processes are illustrated in Fig. 8.16. Sulfate that penetrates down into the sediment from the overlying sea water is reduced to H S by sulfate reducing bacteria that use the deposited organic material as their energy source. Also methane diffusing up from below feeds sulfate reduction in the lower sulfate zone. At depth in... 

While Fe(II) can be oxidized to Fe(III) under physiological conditions, this reaction is very difficult in the case of Co(II). However, Co(III) can be used under anaerobic conditions by specialized bacteria that use halogenated compounds as electron acceptors - a process called reductive dehalogena-tion. Cobalt is bound to a corinoid cofactor in the enzyme required for this reaction (Neumarm et al. 2002). 

Biomining processes are used successfully on a commercial scale for the recovery of gold and other metals, and are based on the activity of obligate chemoautolithotrophic bacteria that use iron or sulfur as their energy source... 

M., BrinkhofF, T, Becker, J, and Wittmann, C. (2015) Large-scale C flux profiling reveals conservation of the Entner—DoudorofF pathway as a glycolytic strategy among marine bacteria that use glucose. AppL Environ. Microbiol, 81 (7), 2408-2422. 

---