Bacteria lysis

Protocol for Preparation and Use of a Gram-Negative Bacteria Lysis Buffer... 

Lortal, S. and Chapot-Chartier, M.P. (2005) Role, mechanisms and control of lactic acid bacteria lysis in cheese. Int Dai/y 715, 857-871. 

Bacteriophage- Virus that infects bacteria, often with destruction or lysis of the host cell. 

Lysozyme is an enzyme that hydrolyzes polysaccharide chains. It ruptures certain bacterial cells by cleaving the polysaccharide chains that make up their cell wall. Lysozyme is found in many body fluids, but the most thoroughly studied form is from hen egg whites. The Russian scientist P. Laschtchenko first described the bacteriolytic properties of hen egg white lysozyme in 1909. In 1922, Alexander Fleming, the London bacteriologist who later discovered penicillin, gave the name lysozyme to the agent in mucus and tears that destroyed certain bacteria, because it was an enzyme that caused bacterial lysis. 

Penicillin has an interesting mode of action it prevents the cross-linking of small peptide chains in peptidoglycan, the main cell wall polymer of bacteria. Pre-existing cells are unaffected, but all newly produced cells are abnormally grown. The newborn cells are unable to maintain their wall rigidity, and they are susceptible to osmotic lysis. 

The mode of action of starch capped copper nanoparticles (SCuNPs) was compared with that of the well-known antibiotic amphicillin (Fig. 9). There was a drastic decrease in the optical density of compounds containing SCuNPs and ampicillin, ultimately reaching almost zero suggesting that there were no more bacteria present in the culture. AmpiciUin at a concentration of 100 pg/ml has the ability to lyse E.coli almost immediately [29]. The same effect was produced by SCuNPs at 365 ng/ml concentration. The cell lysis occurs at the expense of the fact that at the point of cell division there occurs a deformation of the cell envelope. The decrease in optical density is possibly associated with the cell-envelope deformation occurring at the point of cell division [30]. 

Bacteriophages, or as they are more sin tly termed, phages, are vimses that have bacteria as their host cells. The name was first given by D Herelle to an agent which he found could produce lysis of the dysentery bacillus Shigella shiga. D Herelle was convinced... 

In a normally growing culture of lysogenic bacteria, the majority of bacteria manage to keep their prophages in a dormant state. In a very small minority of cells, however, the prophage genes express themselves. This results in the multiplieation of the virus, lysis of the cells and liberation of infectious particles into the medium. 

This structure is the traditional target for a group of antibiotics which include the penicillins (Chapter 5), but a httle-noticed report which appeared in 1948 showed that low concentrations of disinfectant snbstances cansed cell wall lysis such that a normally tuibid suspension of bacteria became clear. It was thought that these low concentrations of disinfectant cause en mes whose normal role is to synthesize the cell wall to reverse their role in some way and effect its dismption or lysis. 

Macro- and micronutrients should be provided as needed. Soils usually contain sufficient levels of micronutrients, but very often there is a lack of nitrogen and phosphorus. The addition of N and P is particularly important during the initial stages of treatment, in order to stimulate the growth of indigenous bacteria. After the initial development of a critical microbial mass, N and P are constantly recycled due to the lysis of dead microbial cells.9... 

Although bacteria have a single essential chromosome, one DNA molecule responsible for their genetic material, they may also contain extrachromosomal DNA. One variety of such DNA is viral DNA. This DNA can become incorporated into the chromosome and reproduced with it (lysogenic bacteria) or can become virulent — produced independently from the chromosome DNA — when it will cause lysis i.e. cell breakdown. The compound cis-[Pt(NH3)2Cl2] causes the change from... 

The effect of platinum in a bacterial cell is to act in a very selective way — on cell division or causing lysis of lysogenic bacteria. It is likely that these changes are due to site specific attack on particular proteins or on particular bases in RNA or in DNA. It is necessary now to describe this attack in detail and to develop new probes for following the site in vivo. This exercise can be followed by a parallel examination of how cis- [Pt (NH3) 2CI2] acts as an anti-tumour agent. Here we only point to some interesting observations. 

The effective compounds of platinum and the dialkylating agents both cause lysis in lysogenic bacteria, section I. 

There is evidence that both classes of anti-tumour agent act by inhibiting DNA synthesis as opposed to RNA or protein synthesis. Many agents which inhibit DNA synthesis cause lysis of lysogenic bacteria-X-rays, ultra-violet light, many carcinogens (3, 90). 

DNA,83 which produces one million or more copies of amplified DNA in a short time. For identification of bacteria, PCR can be used to amplify DNA either after extraction from a sample or after lysis of the cells.83,84 Methods using washing, filtration, or magnetic beads with specific antibodies can be used to collect bacterial cells for PCR.85,86 PCR can be modified for the detection of bacteria from various sources32 and can even amplify DNA from dead cells.87... 

The primary function of the B lymphocytes is to produce antibodies, which are molecules that identify and lead to the destruction of foreign substances such as bacteria. The B lymphocytes and the antibodies they produce are responsible for humoral immunity. T lymphocytes provide immunity against viruses and cancer cells. These lymphocytes directly attack and destroy their targets by forming holes in the target cell membrane, causing cell lysis. The T lymphocytes are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. 

Schwinghamer, E.A. (1980) A method for improved lysis of gram-negative bacteria. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 7, 157-162. 

The sol-gel-entrapped microbial cells have shown excellent tolerance to different alcohols [99], The immobilized E. coli cells followed the Michaelis-Menten equation when quantified with the (3-glucosidase activity via the hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl-(3-D-galactopyranosdie [142], The sol-gel matrices doped with gelatin prevented the cell lysis, which usually occurs during the initial gelation process [143], Microorganisms are now widely used in the biosorption of different pollutants and toxicants. Bacillus sphaericus JG-A12 isolated from uranium mining water has been entrapped in aqueous silica nanosol for the accumulation of copper and uranium [144], Premkumar et al. [145] immobilized recombinant luminous bacteria into TEOS sol-gel to study the effect of sol-gel conditions on the cell response (luminescence). The entrapped and free cells showed almost the same intensity of luminescence (little lower), but the entrapped cells were more stable than the free cells (4 weeks at 4°C). This kind of stable cell could be employed in biosensors in the near future. 

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