Hyaluronidase bacteria

These techniques allow one to detect hyaluronidase activities in crude biological samples or extracts from bacteria], animal, or human sources. They make possible... 

B. Steiner and D. Grace. A lymographic assay for detection of hyaluronidase activity on polyacrylamide gels and its application to enzymatic activity found in bacteria. ajua mwewm. uu huj (im/. 

F-1) Hyalnrotridase cleaves hyaluronic acid. It is produced by certain bacteria and may facilitate their spread through tissue planes. Sometimes hyaluronidase is administered with drug injections to facilitate the spread of the drug through the injected tissues. 

This can be achieved by making a soluble salt of the drug which is rapidly absorbed from the site of administration. In the case of s.c. or i.m. injections the same objective may be obtained with hyaluronidase, an eri2yme which deploymerises hyaluronic acid, a constituent of connective tissue that prevents the spread of foreign substences, e.g. bacteria, drugs. Hyaluronidase combined with an i.m. injection e.g. a local anaesthetic, or a subcutaneous infusion, leads to increased permeation with more rapid absorption. Hyaluronidase can also be used to promote resorp>-tion of tissue accumulation of blood and fluid. 

Several species of fungi have been reported to contain hyaluronidases [200-202]. However, without extensive characterization, and in the absence of sequence data, it is difficult to evaluate these enzymes. There is no evidence that fungi contain HA, nor that they are able to uptake this GAG. The hyaluronidases may, however, be virulence factors for these organisms, similar to their function in some bacteria. Considering that opportunistic infections caused by Candida and other fungal organisms are on the increase with the use of wide-spectrum antibiotics, anti-cancer... 

The wound-healing actions of Echinacea stem from two effects inhibition of hyaluronidase, an enzyme produced by bacteria that enables them to spread throughout a wound, and stimulation of fibroblasts to produce granulation tis-... 

B. Fiszer-Szafarz. Hyaluronidase polymorphism detected by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Application to hyaluronidases from bacteria, slime molds, bee and snake venoms, bovine testes, rat liver lysosomes and human serum. Anal. Biochem. 143 16 (1984). 

Itano N, Kimata K. Mammalian hyaluronan synthases. lUBMB Life 2002 Hynes WL, Walton SL. Hyaluronidases of Gram-positive bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2000 183 201-207. 

It was suggested (Puhvel and Reisner, 1972) that hyaluronidase can split extracellular substances of the cell wall of sebaceous ducts and thus increase the permeability of epithelial follicles. Neuraminidase can damage cell and tissue membranes, affecting the sialic acid residues on the surface of the cells. Under the action of proteases of P. acnes, which also possesses keratinolytic activity, small chemotactic peptides are produced that may have a role in the onset of inflammation. Proteolytic activity may be significant (Ingham, 1983) in complement activation. It was shown (Ingham, 1983) that a preparation of extracellular proteases from P. acnes P-37 contained at least three types of proteases with different molecular masses. The secretion of proteinases is used as a criterion in the classification of these bacteria. 

At the present time such non-haemolytic and hyaluronidase-negative strains are usually obtained by non-direct chemical and UF-induced mutagenesis, followed by selection or cloning of the hyaluronidase gene in order to transform Streptococcus sp. into non-pathogenic bacteria [33]. Of all the hyaluronan producers, the most appropriate strain is streptococcus of the group C, that is Streptococcus equi because it produces the highest yield of HA [30]. 

The presence of hyaluronic acid in the synovial fluid is of particular interest because of its possible involvement in rheumatoid conditions. The reported benefit of treating arthritic patients with salts of glucuronic acid (169, 328) may be connected with this polysaccharide in some obscure way. In the synovial fluid hyaluronic acid is combined with proteins, three of which, albumin, p- and y-seroglobulin, have been found present (158). This protein-polysaccharide complex is characterized by a high viscosity which is believed due largely to the polysaccharide (367). When it was split by hyaluronidase obtained from any of its various sources (certain bacteria, testicle, sperm, skin, cornea, etc.), the viscosity dropped to almost that of water and progressively less cohesive materials could be precipitated by addition of acetic acid. This reduction in viscosity took place in... 

Hyaluronidases or hyaluronate lyases are secreted by a number of strains of bacteria, but in spite of considerable study, no direct correlation has been established between thfdr ability to secrete the enzymes and invasiveness or virulence of the organisms (-Meyer and Kapport, 1952). 

Many bacteria, particularly gram-positive organisms, elaborate a protective capsule of hyaluronic acid. Such capsules also appear to be related to the virulence of the organism, e.g. those forms of group A streptococci whose capsules are removed by hyaluronidase are ten times less virulent than those with the capsules. A much more dramatic loss in virulence occurs when group C streptococci are similarly treated— loss of the h ialuronic acid capsule here results in a ioo,ooo-fold decrease in virulence . 

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