Acid Capsules

Valproic acid is a carboxylic acid designated as 2-propyl-pentanoic acid. It is also known as dipropylacetic acid. Capsules and syrup are antiepileptics for oral administration. Each soft elastic capsule contains 250 mg valproic acid. 

Ingredients for the 250 mg capsules are com oil, FD C yellow no. 6, gelatin, glycerin, iron oxide, methylparaben, propylparaben, and titanium dioxide. 

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FIGURE 16A Daily rate of release of naltrexone from a poly-e-caprolactone-co-lactic acid capsule (reservoir device) under in vitro conditions. (From Ref. 89.)... 

Internal standard solution, standard preparation, and chromatographic system are prepared as directed in the assay under valproic acid capsules. 

Wang TT, Fellows PF, Leighton TJ et al (2004) Induction of opsonic antibodies to the gamma-D-glutamic acid capsule of Bacillus anthracis by immunization with a synthetic peptide-carrier protein conjugate. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 40 231-237... 

Joyce J, Cook J, Chabot D et al (2006) Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of Bacillus anthracis poly-y-D-glutamic acid capsule covalently coupled to a protein carrier using a novel triazine-based conjugation strategy. J Biol Chem 281 4831 -843... 

Palermo et al. [30] randomized, active drug-controlled, not double-blind older children and adults acute diarrhea various nonclassic enteric flora 29 800 mg/day (4-7 days) neomycin plus nalidixic acid capsules 20 1-2 capsules, 3-4 times/day (4-7 days)... 

Bums, C. P., Halabi, S., Qamon, G. H., Hars, V., Wagner, B. A., Hohl, R. J., Lester, E., Kirshner, J. J., Vindguerra, V., and Paskett, E., 1999, Phase 1 chnical study offish oil fatty acid capsules for patients with cancer cachexia cancer and leukemia group B study 9473, Clin. CancerRes. 5 3942-3947. 

Oral products Bedtime administration may minimize effects of CNS depression. Gl irritation may be minimized by taking with food or by slowly increasing the dose. Delayed-release divalproex sodium may reduce the incidence of irritative Gl effects. Swallow the extended-release tablets whole do not crush or chew. Swallow the valproic acid capsules without chewing to avoid local irritation of the mouth and throat. 

Absorption - /a pro c acid is rapidly and almost completely absorbed from the Gl tract. Absorption of the drug is delayed but not decreased by administration with meals administration of the drug with milk products does not affect the rate or degree of absorption. The bioavailability of valproate from divalproex sodium delayed-release tablets and capsules containing coated particles has been shown to be equivalent to that of valproic acid capsules. 

The basis of phenotypic discrimination of closely related species via Raman spectroscopy lies in its sensitivity to the intracellular molecular components including extrachromosomally encoded phenotypes, such as the Bacillus anthracis or B. thuringiensis toxins or polyglutamic acid capsules. Other prominent examples are cell storage materials like the polyhydroxy butyric acid (PHB), carotenoid-based pigments like sarcinaxanthin, hemoproteins like cytochrome or calcium dipicolinate (CaDPA). Raman spectra of single bacteria, in which the latter four intracellular substances occur, are shown in... 

The neuA (ORF 25) and neuB (ORF 24) gene products were functionally characterized by complementation of E. coli K1 mutants EV5 and EV24 that are defective in K1 polysialic acid capsule biosynthesis. The EV5 mutant was complemented to wild-type capsule production by introduction of neuA, and the EV24 mutation complemented by the neuB gene. 

According to USP 26 [1], Indonesian Pharmacopoeia [4], Indian Pharmacopoeia [6], and Pharmacopoeia of the People s Republic of China [7], mefenamic acid capsules are specified to contain not less than 90.0% and not more than 110.0% of the labeled amount of Ci5H15N02. According to the British Pharmacopoeia 2002 [3], mefenamic acid capsules and tablets are specified to contain not less than 95.0% and not more than 105.0 percent of the stated amount of the substance. 

A quantity of the mixed contents of 20 mefenamic acid capsules containing 0.5 g of the substance, or a quantity of the powdered tablets... 

Shinkuma et al. [14] reported a spectrophotometric assay of different commercial mefenamic acid capsules. The contents of 20 capsules of each brand were carefully removed and accurately weighed. After finding the mean weight of the capsule contents, the contents were mixed uniformly and used as the brand sample. A weighed amount of this powder, equivalent to about 150 mg of mefenamic acid, was dissolved in 200 mL... 

Toltenannc acid Capsules HPLC Powder. MeOl 1 Lichrosorb Cl (60 35. 5) 0.05M Acetate (pH 282 nm studied [693.694.696] Review metabolism [675]... 

Contains poly-D-glutamic acid capsule, essential for virulence and avoidance of immune detection... 

Soft gelatin Oleic acid capsule 133.3 mg Polyoxyl 35 lopinavir and castor oil 33.3 mg ritonavir (Cremophor EL) Oral solution Propylene glycol... 

Katsinelos P, Dimiropoulos S, Vasihadis T, Fotiadis G, Xiarchos P, Eugenidis N. Oesophageal ulceration associated with ingestion of mefenamic acid capsules. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999 ll(12) 1431-2. 

Tablets, extended release (500 mg) Injection [100 mg/mL (as valproic acid)] Capsules (250 mg)...

Compound oral iron preparations Iron and folic acid (capsules, tablets or solution) numerous proprietary preparations designed to prevent iron and folic acid deficiency during pregnancy Iron(ii) as sulfate or fumarate or glycine sulfate or iron (ill) ammonium sulfate (47-110 mg Fe ) + folic acid (350-500 pg)... 

So far, the acceptor specificity of nearly 20 eu- and prokaryotic sialyltransferases has been elucidated and 15 different cDNA clones of these enzymes have been obtained (Table 14 and references therein). This list demonstrates the rapid progress in this field and also includes the first cloning of mammalian polysialyltransferase (polysialyltransferase-1 from hamster ovary cells) [620]. The same group has recently published the molecular analysis of the biosynthetic pathway of the a-2,8-polysialic acid capsule by Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B [658]. 

M.R. Wessels, A.E. Moses, J.B. Goldberg, T.J. DiCesare, Hyaluronic acid capsule is a virulence factor for mucoid group A streptococci, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88 (1991) 8317-8321. 

H.M. Schrager, J.G. Rheinwald, M.R. Wessels, Hyaluronic acid capsule and the role of streptococcal entry into keratinocytes in invasive skin infection, J. Clin. Invest. 98 (1996) 1954—1958. 

Docosahexaenoic acid capsules, medications Gelatin car polishes... 

The polysialic acid capsule of E. coli K1 is not only an essential virulence factor it also provides an attachment site for specialized K1 bacteriophages. Almost 30 lytic enterobacterial phages specific for E. coli K1 have been isolated, mainly from sewage samples. Interestingly, they have been found to exhibit different morphologies, thus belonging to the three different families of the Caudovirales (Table 1). 

It has been shown that the endosialidase is the only factor mediating Kl-specificity since the T7 phage lacking the endosialidase gene is unable to infect E. coli K1 strains. However, after enzymatic removal of the K1 capsule by endosialidase, the naked E. coli K1 strain can be infected by T7 [38]. Vice versa, the KIF phage is unable to infect E. coli strains lacking a polysialic acid capsule [108]. 

Using E. coli mutants with a sparse polysialic acid capsule, host range mutants of bacteriophages KIA and KIE have been isolated [15, 197]. These mutants contain endosialidases which are catalytically partly or totally inactive, but still retain polysialic acid binding. The catalytically inactive enzymes have proven to be valuable, since they can still bind to the substrate without degradation, and can therefore be used as tools for polysialic acid identification [166, 168]. Further, by structure-based mutagenesis inactive variants of endoNF have been generated which bind polysialic acid with an apparent of less than 2 nM [105]. 

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