Spores , bacterial, survival

Besides being desiccated and irradiated, microorganisms traveling in space will be exposed to space vacuum that can reach 10-14 pascal (a unit of pressure—100 Pa = 1 mbar).57 The result is extreme dehydration, and naked spores can survive for only days if exposed to space vacuum. Survival of spores is increased if they are associated with various chemicals such as sugars, or are embedded in salt crystals. Nicholson et al. (2000) discuss the various stresses that a microbial cell or spore would have to endure to survive interplanetary travel.58 They include the process that transports them out of Earth s atmosphere, such as volcanic eruptions and bolide impacts, long periods of transit in the cold of space, and atmospheric entry into a new planetary home. Spores have been shown to survive the shock conditions of a meteorite impact and the ultraviolet radiation and low temperature of space.59 It is clear that panspermia is possible and even probable if bacterial spores become embedded in rocks that are ejected from one planet and eventually enter the atmosphere of another. Bacterial... 

The inoculation of natto is done with a pure culture of spores of B. subtilis natto that will germinate very well at 50 °C. For kinema, no miCTobial starter is added, as this is a natural fermentation allowing bacterial spores that survived the cooking process to germinate. This can be stimulated by sprinkling some wood-ash on the pounded soya beans. 

In reality, the fuel storage tank is a two-phase system - a fuel phase and a water bottom phase. Some bacterial cells and fungal spores can survive dormant in dry fuel for months to several years Hormoconis resinae) (Gardner, 1971). However, cells can only grow and reproduce in the water phase, primarily at the fuel/water... 

When considering how the evolution of life could have come about, the seeding of terrestrial life by extraterrestrial bacterial spores traveling through space (panspermia) deserves mention. Much is said about the possibility of some form of life on other planets, including Mars or more distant celestial bodies. Is it possible for some remnants of bacterial life, enclosed in a protective coat of rock dust, to have traveled enormous distances, staying dormant at the extremely low temperature of space and even surviving deadly radiation The spore may be neither alive nor completely dead, and even after billions of years it could have an infinitesimal chance to reach a planet where liquid water could restart its life. Is this science fiction or a real possibility We don t know. Around the turn of the twentieth century Svante Arrhenius (Nobel Prize in chemistry 1903) developed this theory in more detail. There was much recent excitement about claimed fossil bacterial remains in a Martian meteorite recovered from Antarctica (not since... 

Sterilization of Media First-order kinetics may be assumed for heat destruction of living matter, and this leads to a linear relationship when logarithm of the fraction surviving is plotted against time. However, nonlogarithmic kinetics of death are quite often found for bacterial spores. One model for such behavior assumes inactivation of spores via a sensitive intermediate state by the mechanism ... 

Microorganisms surviving M. tuberculosis Bacterial spores HBV and prions as in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Bacterial spores Prions Extreme challenge of resistant bacterial spores Prions (insufficient data)... 

A sterilization process may thus be developed without a full microbiological background to the product, instead being based on the ability to deal with a worst case condition. This is indeed the situation for official sterilization methods which must be capable of general application, and modem pharmacopoeial recommendations are derived firm a careful analysis of experimental data on bacterial spore survival following treatments with heat, ionizing radiation or gas. 

Bacterial spores have been deliberately taken into space, in particular spores of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Up to 70 per cent of the bacterial spores survive in the short term for approximately 10 days of exposure to space vacuum. The chances of survival in space are increased if the spores are embedded in chemical protection such as sugars, or salt crystals, or if they are exposed in thick layers. For example, 30 per cent of B. subtilis spores survived for nearly 6 years in space when embedded in salt crystals and 80 per cent survived in the presence of glucose. Bacillus subtilis spores in Dominican amber have remained viable for several million years. Transport to a friendly environment with a source of energy is all that is required for life to be seeded on this planet or the next. 

Sporulation. Bacteria of the genera Bacillus and Clostridium form metabolically inert spores when deprived of adequate nutrients (Fig. 32-1L83,203,20 1 Bacterial spores are remarkably resistant to heat and can survive boiling water for prolonged periods. 

In the dormant spore state, endospores are resistant to a wide variety of chemical and physical stresses such as UV and gamma radiation, desiccation, temperature and pressure extremes, and attack by toxic agents (67-70). As they are resilient to most sterilization procedures, bacterial spores are used in several industries as biological indicators (71,72). Certain species can even survive the vacuum, extreme temperatures, and radiation of space (73,74), making them the focus of research concerning planetary protection, panspermia (transfer of life from one... 

Breaking the life cycles of some other disease organisms is less straightforward. For example, the spores that will cause next season s bacterial wilt of cucumbers survive in the digestive tracts of striped cucumber beetles. To limit the spread of the disease, you must diligently control the beetles. 

Microorganisms surviving M. tuberculosis Bacterial spores Extreme challenge of resistant... 

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