Bacillus licheniformis, bacitracin

The bacitracins are a group of polypeptide antibiotics produced by Bacillus licheniformis. Bacitracin A is a dodecapeptide that acts against Gram-positive bacteria, apparently by blocking the dephosphorylation of a lipid carrier intermediate C55-bactoprenyl pyrophosphate, which is... 

Supek V, Gamulin S, Delic V. (1985) Enhancement of bacitracin biosynthesis by branched-chain amino acids in a regulatory mutant of Bacillus licheniformis. Folia Microbiol 30 342-348. 

Antibiotics Penicillin Bacitracin Penicillium chrysogenum Bacillus licheniformis... 

Bacitracin is a linear-ring peptide antibiotic produced by Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis. Commercial formulations of bacitracin comprise a mixture of many closely related compounds classified into bacitracin A, B, C, D, E, F, and G (5). The main components are bacitracin A, B, and B2, constituting 57%, 22%, and 13%, respectively, of the mixture, whereas bacitracin F constitutes less than 2%. Bacitracin F is actually a degradation product of bacitracin A that... 

Despite the apparent connections between formation of antibiotics and spores, it has become clear that antibiotic production is not obligatory for spore formation [192]. The most damaging evidence to the antibiotic-spore obligatory hypothesis is the existence of mutants which form no antibiotic but still sporulate. Such mutants have been found in the cases of bacitracin (Bacillus licheniformis), myco-bacillin (Bacillus subtilis), linear gramicidin (B. brevis), tyrocidine (B. brevis), gramicidin S (B. brevis), oxytetracycline (Streptomyces rimosus), streptomycin (S. griseus), methylenomycin A (Streptomyces coelicolor), and patulin (Penicillium urticae). 

The end-product repression involves probably the blockage of formation of specific synthases, at the time of a maximum rate of secondary biosynthesis. This results in a gradual decline in the level of the enzyme and a retardation of the product formation. The phenomenon was observed in gramicidin S synthases by Bacillus brevis (30), bacitracin synthase in Bacillus licheniformis (31), anhydrotetracycline hydratase by treptomyces aureofaci-ens (4), novobiocic acid synthase in Streptomyces niveus (35) or dimethylallyltryptophan synthase by ciaviceps (33). 

Fr/ ysnov, The production of bacitracin synthetase bv Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 10716, FEBS... 

Thiazoline and thiazole rings are found in many clinically important natural products, such as bacitracin from Bacillus licheniformis [354], bleomycin (BLM) from Strepto-myces verticillus [355], and epothilone from S. cellulosum (Figure 5.95) [356], They are also common stmctural motifs for many microbial pathogenesis factors such as pyochelin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa [357,358] and yersiniabactin from Yersina pestis (Figure 5.96) [359, 360],... 

Finally, bacitracins are peptide antibiotics produced by Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis. Over 20 components are contained in the bacitracin complex medium, among which the major active components are bacitracin A and F (Fig. 5). They exhibit inhibitory activity against Gram-positive bacteria and are among the most commonly used antibiotics as animal feed additives. 

An antibiotic produced by a strain of Bacillus licheniformis that had been isolated in the U.S.A. from debrided tissue of a patient named Tracey was called bacitracin. The same antibiotic was foimd to be formed by a strain of Bacillus licheniformis that had been brought to England from Chile24,29,3o Crude bacitracin was resolved by counter-current distribution into a number of similar peptides. Work in two laboratories showed that the major component of the mixture, bacitracin A, had the structure XIII. The dotted line symbolises the fact that a small amount of a peptide containing the... 

Bacitracin is produced by strains of Bacillus licheniformis. Two strains have been employed extensively in research on biosynthesis of the antibiotic. The strain used by Anker et al. (1948), Hendlin (1949), Snoke (i960, 196I), Aida (1962), Kuramitsu and Snoke (I962), Cornell and Snoke (1964), Shimura et al. (1964), and Snoke and Cornell (1965) is designated Tracy I or American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 10716. The strain employed by Hills et al. (1949), Bernlohr and Novelli (i960, 1963), and Bernlohr and Sievert (1962) s listed as Oxford University Collection A-5. 

Table 3. Rates of growth and formation of bacitracin and spores by Bacillus licheniformis A 5 (modified from Bernlohr and Novelli, i960)...

Bernlohr, R. W., and G. D. Novelli Some characteristics of bacitracin production by Bacillus licheniformis. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 87, 232 (i960). 

Shimura, K., T. Sasaki, and K. Sugawara Biosynthesis of bacitracin. I. Formation of bacitracin by a subcellular fraction of Bacillus licheniformis. Biochim. et Biophys. Acta 86, 46 (1964). 

Snoke, J. E., and N. Cornell Protoplast lysis and inhibition of growth of Bacillus licheniformis by bacitracin. J. Bacteriol. 89, 415 (1965). 

Bacitracin is a polypeptide produced by the growth of an organism of the licheniformis group of Bacillus subtilis. A white to pale buff hygroscopic powder. 

In 1945, a new antibiotic was reported it was produced by a grampositive sporulating bacillus of the B. subtilis group and isolated from cultures of contaminated tissue removed from a fracture of the tibia. This strain was named after the patient Tracey I and the active principle in the cell-free filtrates of broth cultures was therefore called Bacitracin . The antibiotic was first produced in surface cultures Ass a d later by submerged cultures in synthetic media A94. Later the organism was classified as a strain of B. licheniformis. In 1949 another antibiotic from a strain of B. licheniformis, originally called A-5, was described under the name ayfivin A6 . It soon became apparent that bacitracin and ayfivin were closely related in their physical, chemical and biological properties " . The name ayfivin was therefore abandoned in favour of bacitracin . 

Bacitracin. Altracin Ayfivin Fortracin Penitra-cin Topitracin Zutracin. Antibiotic polypeptide complex produced by Bacillus subfilis and licheniformis Johnson et al, Science 102, 376 (1945) Anker et at. J. Bacterial 55, 249 (1948). Commercial bacitracin is a mixture of at least nine bacitracins. Purification of bacitracin by carrier displacement method Porath, Acta Chem. Stand. 6, 1237 (1952). Purification with ion exchange resin Chaiet, Cochrane, U.S, pat. 2,915,432 (1959 to Merck Co.). Production Johnson, Meleney, U.S. pat- 2,498,165 (1950 to the U.S. Secy, of War) Freaney, Allen, U.S, pat. 2,828,246 (1958 to Commercial Solvents). Solubilities Weiss et al, Antibiot. Che-mother. 7, 374 (1957). Preliminary structure studies Haus-mann et at, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77, 723 (1955) Lockhart et of, Biochem. J. 61, 534 (1955) St off el, Craig, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 83, 145 (1961), Structure of bacitracin A Ressler,... 

Bacitracin. International generic name for a peptide antibiotic complex with broad activity against Grampositive pathogens, especially staphylococci, penicillin- and sulfonamide-resistant streptococci and some Gram-negative cocci and bacteria, B, is isolated from Bacillus subtilis and B. licheniformis. Commercial B. is a mixture with B. A as main component (70%). B. A has the following constitution ... 

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