Streptomyces niveus

From cultures of Streptomyces niveus or Streptomyces spheroides. 

Properties A light-yellow to white antibiotic produced by Streptomyces niveus. Available as calcium and sodium salts. 

The antibiotic novobiocin (18), originally called streptonivicin , was isolated from Streptomyces niveus (aka Streptomyces spheroidesy Novobiocin competitively interferes with the ATPase activity of bacterial DNA gyrase Similarly, it was shown that novobiocin weakly inhibited the Hsp90—ATP interaction and... 

The polypeptides include bacitracin A, colistin (polymyxin E), novobiocin, and polymyxin B. Bacitracin is a complex mixture of branched, cyclic decapeptides produced by Bacillus subtilise, which was first isolated in 1945. The polymyxins, discovered in 1947, are synthesized by various strains of Bacillus polymyxa. Colistin (polymyxin E) comprises a family of polymyxins and was known as colimycin when first isolated from a broth of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus in 1951. The polymyxins are cationic detergents. Novobiocin, first reported in 1955 as streptonivicin, is produced by the actinomycete Streptomyces niveus. 

A recent report [73] states that the novobiocin-producing organism Streptomyces niveus is itself inhibited by the antibiotic and that this inhibition... 

This drug was isolated from Streptomyces niveus in 1955 and is a dibasic acid. Formerly it had been used in the treatment of staphylococci-mediated infections. Since the introduction of the penicillinase-resistant penicillins, its use has been superseded by these newer drugs, which are safer and much more effective (Kucers and Bennet 1975). 

Novobiocin is a general antibiotic produced by an aerobic fermentation of glucose by the organism Streptomyces niveus. The basic elements of the process appear to be the fermentation of S. niveus in an appropriate medium of substrate and minerals, the adsorption of Novobiocin (as well as other non-effective components expressed by the organism) on an ion exchange resin, and the desorption, concentration, and crystallization of a cmde Novobiocin product consisting of 45% Novobiocin, 21% Isonovobiocin, and 34% other similar molecules. 

The end-product repression involves probably the blockage of formation of specific synthases, at the time of a maximum rate of secondary biosynthesis. This results in a gradual decline in the level of the enzyme and a retardation of the product formation. The phenomenon was observed in gramicidin S synthases by Bacillus brevis (30), bacitracin synthase in Bacillus licheniformis (31), anhydrotetracycline hydratase by treptomyces aureofaci-ens (4), novobiocic acid synthase in Streptomyces niveus (35) or dimethylallyltryptophan synthase by ciaviceps (33). 

Some examples are represented by the steps of the reactions that lead to the biosynthesis of novobiocin (the aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus) (Figure 1.15) [17, 18], lysergic acid (ergot... 

In the coumarin group, the most important antibiotic is novobiocin. This compound was isolated as a metabolite of the fungi Streptomyces niveus and Str. spheroides [353, 354], and its structure was quickly established [367, 368]. 

An antibiotic which was isolated from culture fluids of Streptomyces niveus and Streptomyces spheroides by members of the Upjohn Co. and of Merck, Sharp and Dohme respectively has been named novobiocin. 

Novobiocin is a fungal metabolite with antibiotic properties produced by Streptomyces niveus. The structure of novobiocin (120) contains some unique features including the sugar noviose containing a carbamyl group and the unusual 3-amino-4-hydroxy coumarin fragment -... 

Fermentation of Streptomyces niveus in the presence of Me-[ C]-L-methionine yielded novobiocin with an incorporation of 10 per cent of the added isotope °°. The radioactivity was distributed between the 0-methyl and gem-dimethyl groups of the sugar noviose (66 per cent) and the C-methyl group of the coumarin fragment (123,35 per cent) and thus indicated that the coumarin methyl group was formed by a process of C-methylation. The timing of this step is, however, not known. Enzyme systems have been isolated from Streptomyces niveus which are capable of rapid amide bond formation between the isoprenyl 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (125) and the coumarin (123) to give novobiocic acid. The reaction requires ATP and presumably involves some form of activation of the p-hydroxybenzoyl carboxyl function. 

Streptomyces cinnamonensis Chromobacterium iodinium plus chemical modification Streptomyces carzinostaticus Streptomyces fradiae Streptomyces actinosus Streptomyces cremoris Streptomyces niveus Streptomyces noursel Streptomyces antibioticus Streptomyces rimosus Penicillium chrysogenum... 

Owen, S. P. Studies on the formation of novobiocin by Streptomyces niveus in chemically defined media. Proc. Eighth Internat. Congr. of Microbiology 1962 (Abstract). 

Owen, S. P. Synthesis of novobiocin by washed mycelium of Streptomyces niveus. Bacteriol. Proc. 21 (1963) (Abstract). 

An oligosaccharide (see p. 365) has been found to inhibit Streptomyces diastaticus a-amylase and R. niveus glucoamylase. ... 

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