Axillae

Achsel-. shoulder, axillary, -driise,/. (Physiol.) axillary gland, -grube, -hdhle, /. armpit, axilla. 

Scaly, reddened, papular rash commonly in the breast folds, at the axillae, groin, or umbilicus White or yellow vaginal discharge... 

Leyden J., McGinley K., Hoelzle K., Labows J., et al. (1981). The microbiology of the human axillae in relation to axillary odors. J Invest Dermatol 77, 413-416. 

The effectiveness and safety of strategic ice packing (groin, axillae), whole body ice packing, and gastric or peritoneal lavage is controversial... 

Erythema, inflammation, pain, and itching caused by contact dermatitis can be effectively treated with topically applied corticosteroids. With such a wide range of products and potencies available, an appropriate steroid selection is based on severity and location of the lesions. Table 62-6 shows a list of topical steroids and their potencies. Higher-potency preparations are used in areas where penetration is poor, such as on the elbows and knees. Lower-potency products should be reserved for areas of higher penetration, such as on the face, axillae, and groin. Low-potency steroids are also recommended for the treatment of infants and children.32,33... 

Furuncles most commonly develop on the face, neck, axilla, and buttock. 

Local therapy of early-stage breast cancer consists of modified radical mastectomy or lumpectomy plus external-beam radiation therapy. The surgical approach to the ipsilateral axilla may consist of a full level I/II axillary lymph node dissection or a lymph node mapping procedure with sentinel lymph node biopsy. 

Breast Right Hard 2.4 x 3.0 cm mass in upper outer quadrant without associated erythema, dimpling, or skin changes, not fixed to skin, no ulceration. No palpable lymph nodes in axilla. Left Without masses or lymphadenopathy. 

Unilateral Ultrasound Right Breast and Right Axilla with... 

Deodorants are also targeted to the skin surface to keep microbial growth in check. They slow or prevent rancidification of the secretions of apocrine glands found in and around the axillae (armpits) and the anogenital regions. Medicated soaps also belong in this family. 

Ointments are the most effective formulations for psoriasis because they have an occlusive oily phase that conveys a hydrating effect and enhances penetration of the corticosteroid into the dermis. They are not suited for use in the axilla, groin, or other intertriginous areas where maceration and folliculitis may develop secondary to the occlusive effect. 

It is important to identify and measure the concentrations of a number of compounds in a mixture simultaneously for several reasons. First, among related compounds there may exist precursors of active ones, and pathways of pheromone synthesis may be elucidated. This is true for steroids in the human axilla. Nixon etal. (1988) determined the concentration of five steroids extracted from axillary hair of adult men aged 18 to 40 years. The relationships in concentrations between the two ketones 5Q -androst-16-en-3-one and 4,16-androstadien-3-one suggest that axillary bacteria reduce the former to the latter with the aid of the enzyme 4-ene-5a-reductase. Humans have a low olfactory threshold for several 16-androstenes, and the fact that some men have large quantities of 16-androstenes (Nixon etal., 1988) is biologically suggestive. 

Humans Homo sapiens (E)-3-Methyl-2-hexenoic acid Axilla Zeng etal., 1991... 

The apocrine glands in the axilla can secrete enormous amounts of steroids such as dihydrotestosterone and pregnenolone (Brooksbank, 1970). Three single steroid compounds have also been tested on T-shirts. Surprisingly, both sexes attributed androstenol to females. Two other synthetic compounds were attributed to one or the other sex, depending on concentration, and one was perceived as very negative. Androstenol and the two synthetic compounds have very low olfactory thresholds for humans. 

Zinc oxide is not considered to be a skin irritant." Early reports of development pustules on the axilla and inner thighs in workers whose skin was frequently covered with zinc oxide were thought to be due to clogging of sebaceous glands by sweat, bacteria, and dust and subsequent infection. 

Primary axillary hyperhidrosis (Botox only) The recommended dose is 50 units per axilla. Define the hyperhidrotic area to be injected using standard staining techniques (eg. Minor s Iodine-Starch Test). Botulinum toxin type A is reconstituted with 0.9% nonpreserved sterile saline (100 units/4 mL). Using a 30-gauge needle, 50 units of botulinum toxin type A (2 mL) is injected intradermally in 0.1 to 0.2 mL aliquots to each axilla evenly distributed in multiple sites (10 to 15) approximately 1 to 2 cm apart. 

Hypersensitivity to any component monotherapy in primary bacterial infections such as impetigo, paronychia, erysipelas, cellulitis, angular cheilitis, erythrasma (clobetasol), treatment of rosacea, perioral dermatitis, or acne use on the face, groin, or axilla (very high or high potency agents) ophthalmic use. 

Atrophic changes Skin atrophy is common and may be clinically significant in 3 to 4 weeks with potent preparations. Certain areas of the body, such as the face, groin, and axillae, are more prone to atrophic changes than other areas of the body following treatment with corticosteroids. 

P F]-FDG-PET has been extensively studied for noninvasive staging of the axilla. These results have been promising but have not shown consistent results. Although [ F]-FDG-PET has an overall sensitivity of 88%, specificity of 92% and accuracy of 89% when surveying across the multitude of prior reports, several of the studies achieved higher sensitivity at the expense of lower specificity or vice versa [56]. 

Regional variation in drug penetration For example, the scrotum, face, axilla, and scalp are far more permeable than the forearm and may require less drug for equivalent effect. 

Scrotal > Forehead > Axilla >= Scalp > Back = Abdomen > Palm and plantar. 

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