Autoimmune disease IDDM

Type 1 Autoimmune disease resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. Formerly referred to as juvenile onset diabetes, type I DM or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Ketosis is common in poorly controlled subjects. 

Diabetes mellitus occurs when the human body does not produce enough insulin. This form of diabetes is called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM, or juvenile diabetes, or type I diabetes). IDDM is an autoimmune disease (see Exhibit 4.7) in which the j8 cells are targeted by the body s own immune system and progressively destroyed. Once destroyed, they are unable to produce insulin. 

Insulin dependent or type I diabetes (IDDM). Formerly called juvenile onset, or ketone prone diabetes. It is an autoimmune disease of pancreatic (3-cells. Arises due to insulin insufficiency. 

IDDM is associated with other diseases thought to involve autoimmune components (4) activated cell-mediated immunity toward pancreatic islet cells and cell antigens from IDDM patients and (5) the correlation of IDDM with HLA haplotypes associated with other autoimmune diseases (Maclaren, 1981 Lern-marketal., 1991 Andreani et al., 1991 Rossini etal., 1991). 

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an increasingly common disease of sugar metabolism. Juvenile-onset diabetes, also known as Type I or insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM), is an autoimmune disease that results in decreased release of insulin by the pancreas. Late-onset diabetes, also known as Type II or non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM), results from reduced sensitivity of cells to the insulin signal. A convenient animal model for studying diabetes and testing alternative therapies is the streptozotocin-freated diabetic rat. Streptozotocin (STZ) attacks the pancreas and decreases insulin production and release, thus, mimicking many aspects of the human disease. Since insulin is not orally absorbed, the oral administration of vanadium compounds that are insuhn-mimetic or insulin-enhancing would be a very attractive therapy ... 

TDDM, also called Type 1 diabetes, generally presents in persons by the age of 30 years, and accounts for only 5-10% of all persons with diabetes mellitus- The symptoms of IDDM occur somewhat abruptly and require prompt treatment- The disease results in the loss of T-cells of the pancreas and the consequent absence of the insulin that is synthesized by the p-cells, IDDM is an autoimmune disease. This means that the body produces antibodies that recognize and bind to various proteins of the [i-cells. This is followed by the infiltration of the p-ce s with white blood cells. The white blood cells destroy the p-cells gradually over the course of several years. IDDM makes the patient feel sick only after most of the pcommercially available, and persons with the disease can easily learn to administer the injections at home Bach, 1994, 1997 Tisch and McDevitt, 1996),... 

Herman et al. have recently analyzed the function of Treg in a type 1 diabetes model in mice [117]. Type 1 diabetes models are particular useful for the study of autoimmune diseases because mice spontaneously develop the disease and their pathology is very similar to the human counterpart, IDDM. 

Type I diabetes (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, IDDM) is due to a failure to secrete insulin as a result of damage to the (3-cells of the pancreatic islets resulting from viral infection or autoimmune disease. There is also a genetic susceptibility the concordance of IDDM in monozygotic (identical) twins is about 50%. IDDM... 

Endocrine diseases autoimmune thyreoiditis, primary myxedema, Addison s disease, type 1 diabetes mellitus (IDDM)... 

Diabetes mellitus is a very common metabolic disease that is caused by absolute or relative insulin deficiency. The lack of this peptide hormone (see p. 76) mainly affects carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Diabetes mellitus occurs in two forms. In type 1 diabetes (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, IDDM), the insulin-forming cells are destroyed in young individuals by an autoimmune reaction. The less severe type 2 diabetes (non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM) usually has its first onset in elderly individuals. The causes have not yet been explained in detail in this type. 

Examples of some conditions which are known,or are believed to be, to be autoimmune responses include myasthenia gravis (destruction of acetylcholine receptors), rheumatic fever (a streptococcal infection challenges the immune system and then the immune system mistakes heart tissue for another strep infection), Addison s disease (destruction of the adrenal glands), arthritis (an infection of unknown origin starts the immune response but somehow IgG becomes changed, enough so as to start another IgM response - this time to the body s own IgG), pernicious anemia (inability to process vitamin B12)- insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM or type I diabetes), multiple sclerosis, aspermatogenesis, and photosensitivity. 

Diabetes mellitus ( sweet urine ) involves relative over-production of glucose by the liver and under-utilization by other organs. Diabetes is the most serious metabolic disease in terms of its social impact. Obesity and the indulgent Western diet correlates with mature age diabetes. Type 1 diabetes (juvenile diabetes) typically manifests at less than 20 years from autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing pancreatic (3 cells. Type 1 diabetes is insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and is fatal without exogenous insulin. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (mature age diabetes) occurs later in life and typically involves both deficient insulin production and insulin resistance , that is, the target cells are less responsive to insulin. Type 2 diabetes is initially non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) but insulin therapy (in addition to oral antidiabetics) may eventually be required. Hyperglycaemia due... 

We now consider diabetes mellitus, a complex disease characterized by grossly abnormal fuel usage glucose is overproduced by the liver and underutilized by other organs. The incidence of diabetes mellitus (usually referred to simply as diabetes) is about 5% of the population. Indeed, diabetes is the most common serious metabolic disease in the world it affects hundreds of millions. Type I diabetes, or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), is caused by the autoimmune destruction of the insulin-secreting p cells in the pancreas and usually begins before age 20. Insulin dependency means that the affected person requires the administration of insulin to live. Most diabetics, in contrast, have a normal or even higher level of insulin in their blood, but... 

IL-5, and IL-13, and are involved in the development of humoral immunity protecting against extracellular pathogens (Fig. 18.1-6). On the other hand, uncontrolled Thl responses are associated with inflammatory or autoimmune pathologies such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), or psoriasis and excessive Th2 responses are associated with allergies and asthma [65]. This indicates that the development of Thl and Th2 cells must be tightly controlled and that therapeutic modulation of immune responses may have an impact on human diseases. 

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