Autoimmune diseases endocrine

Bach, J.-F. (1994). Insulin-dependent diabetes melUtus as an autoimmune disease. Endocrine Rev. 15, 516-542. 

Few epidemiologic studies of pesticide use in general, or specific pesticides, in relation to any autoimmune disease. Mechanistic research primarily for hexachlorobenzene and malathion. Mechanisms other than endocrine-disruption should be considered, even for pesticides with endocrine-disrupting properties. 

In practical veterinary the SC can be used in substitution therapy in case of different pathologies. The methods of making 3-D cell construction have been already invented and are applied for the substitution of large bone, skin, and cartilage defects. The transplantation of bone marrow stem cells is used in the case of animal oncology diseases. The methods of cell therapy with the usage of SC are approbated in the treatment of autoimmune and endocrine diseases of domestic animals. 

Endocrine factors. Most autoimmune diseases occur with unequal frequency in males and females. For example. Graves and Hashimoto s are 4-5 times, and SLE 10 times, more common in females, while ankylosing spondylitis is 3-4 times more frequent in males. These differences are believed to be the result of hormonal influences. A second well-documented hormonal effect is the marked reduction in disease severity seen in many autoimmune conditions during pregnancy. Rheumatoid arthritis is perhaps the classic example of this effect. In some cases there is also a rapid exacerbation (rebound) after birth. 

From their own experience, many clinicians are familiar with that often rapid and even insidious deterioration of an autoimmune disease as a result of extreme overburdening of the endocrine or mental systems. The cases of two patients, whose fate touched my staff and me deeply at the time, are briefly outlined below as we experienced them, these were not merely post hoc, but propter hoc events, i. e. the one directly caused the other. 

Lam-Tse WKW, Lernmark AA, Drexhage HAH (2002) Animal models of endocrine/ organ-specific autoimmune diseases do they really help us to understand human autoimmunity Springer Semin Immunopathol 24 297-321... 

S. M. McLachlan and B. Rapoport The molecular biology of thyroid peroxidase cloning, expression and role as autoantigen in autoimmune thyroid disease. Endocrine Review 13,192 (1992). 

Cell surface receptors are clearly of great importance in understanding the function of the nervous system, the endocrine system, the immune system, cell proliferation, and targets for infection. The major chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, heart disease, arthritis, autoimmune disease, necrologic and psychiatric disorders, and endocrine dysfunction involve interactions with cell surface receptors. Understanding the structure and function of surface receptors has grown into one of the great thrusts of pharmaceutical R D, pursued in the belief it will uncover as yet unknown approaches to treatment of diseases hitherto intractable. 

Polyendocrinopathies, autoimmune. Autoimmune diseases affecting multiple endocrine organs, (i) The autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 is characterized by mucocutaneous candidiasis in association with endocrine manifestation (also called APECED syndrome autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal-dystrophy), while (ii) the autoimmune polyglandular... 

Endocrine diseases autoimmune thyreoiditis, primary myxedema, Addison s disease, type 1 diabetes mellitus (IDDM)... 

Named after Thomas Addison who first described the clinical condition in the mid 1850s, Addison s disease is one of the commonest endocrinopathies. At one time, most cases of Addison s were due to infection, usually by tuberculosis, of the adrenal cortex but nowadays the likely cause is autoimmune destruction of the tissue, and may be associated with dysfunction of other endocrine glands. 

Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease characterized by low bone mass and micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue. This will lead to bone fragility and consequent increase in bone fracture risk. Mean bone mineral density (BMD) is measured with dual X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and expressed in Tsc (Tscore). WHO standards are a Tsc that is 1 standard deviation (SD) below mean BMD is graded as normal bone, Tsc between 1 and 1.5 SD below mean BMD is graded as osteopenia and a Tsc of more than 2.5 SD below mean BMD is graded as osteoporosis. When the Tsc is below 1.5 SD mean BMD prevention of osteoporosis must be initiated. Primary osteoporosis is caused mainly by hormone deflciency in both women and men. Secondary osteoporosis may result from endocrine, metabolic, nutritional and autoimmune causes or from immobility because of trauma. Also the use of medicaments such as corticosteroids may be contributing. 

Y. Tomer and T. F. Davies Infection, thyroid disease, and autoimmunity. Endocrine Review 14,107 (1993). 

A. P. Weetman and A. M. McGregor Autoimmune thyroid disease further developments in our understanding. Endocrine Review 15, 788 (1994). 

Whether or not Graves disease is autoimmune in nature remains for the future to tell. If such is the case, however, the finding will have implications in other diseases characterized by endocrine gland overactivity. 

Pernicious anaemia. End stage of 10-15% of autoimmune gastritis due to vitamin B12 malabsorption caused by depletion of gastric parietal cells and autoantibodies against intrinsic factor. Associated with a variety of autoimmune endocrine diseases (e.g. -Hashimoto thyroiditis, Addison disease) and autoimmune myasthenic syndromes. 

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