Authorized deposits

An example of the difficulties encountered when trying to fabricate an ohmic electrode, able to sustain a space-charge-limited current, is the recent work of the Neher group [179]. The authors deposited barium as an electron injection cathode on top of an electron transporting polymer based on a naphthalene diimide core whose LUMO is as low as 4 eV below vacuum level. Although the Fermi level of barium should be above the LUMO of the polymer, the electron current is. 

Publishers often provide human-readable guidelines for authors (also known as style guides) for document preparation, which sometimes can extend to entire books. Humans are also quite prone to noncompliance or imperfect compliance because they are often busy or perhaps simply readily bored. Guidelines for data preparation, if they exist, are often to be found in optional categories, such as supporting information. If an author deposits data in such a form, how does the publisher know that it is correct A key aspect of XML is that documents (and of course datuments) can be validated. For publishing purposes, validation implies a contract between the author and the publisher, which is machine-enforceable. A schema formalizes the syntax, vocabulary, document structure, and some of the semantics. It comprises a set of machine-based rules to which a datument must conform. If it does not, it is the author s responsibility to edit it until it does. If it conforms, it is assumed that the author has complied with the publisher s requirements. 

However, in a later study, Stevenson and Schnitzer (1982), using a technique similar to that described by Flaig et al. (1975), determined that changes in pH had no effect on the structures of humic substances observed by TEM. The authors deposited drops of dilute aqueous solutions of humic and fulvic acids at various pH values on freshly cleaned mica sheets. The drops were frozen rapidly and freeze-dried, and the dried humic substance particles... 

Ho et al. improved the photometric efficiency of polymeric OLEDs by increasing the work function of PEDOTiPSS with layer thickness to form a graded layer. The authors deposited PEDOTiPSS together with cationic poly(p-xylylene-a-tetrahydrothiophenium) (PXT) to dedope PEDOT. The concentration of PXT was increased from one to the next successively deposited layer to achieve a continuous increase of the work function and the electron blocking properties over the HIL. 

The quantity of crude oil, expressed in 1000 m /d, declared by a refinery and used to calculate the authorized deposits. 

The fir.-fit line of the file (see Figure 2-110) - the HEADER record - hold.s the moleculc. s classification string (columns 11-50), the deposition date (the date when the data were received by the PDB) in columns 51-59, and the PDB (Dcode for the molecule, which is unique within the Protein Data Bank, in columns 63-66. The second line - the TITLE record - contains the title of the experiment or the analysis that is represented in the entry. The subsequent records contain a more detailed description of the macromolecular content of the entiy (COMPND), the biological and/or chemical source ofeach biological molecule in the entiy (SOURCE), a set ofkeywords relevant to the entiy (KEYWDS). information about the experiment (EXPDTA), a list of people responsible for the contents of this entiy (.AUTHOR), a history of modifications made to this entiy since its release (REVDAT), and finally the primaiy literature citation that describes the experiment which resulted in the deposited dataset ()RNL). 

Many authors have used XPS to investigate the mechanisms by which vapor-deposited metals such as copper interact with the surfaces of polyimides. Chou and Tang [29] observed that only small changes occurred in the XPS line shapes after vapor deposition of copper on polyimide they suggested that no... 

More recently, simulation studies focused on surface melting [198] and on the molecular-scale growth kinetics and its anisotropy at ice-water interfaces [199-204]. Essmann and Geiger [202] compared the simulated structure of vapor-deposited amorphous ice with neutron scattering data and found that the simulated structure is between the structures of high and low density amorphous ice. Nada and Furukawa [204] observed different growth mechanisms for different surfaces, namely layer-by-layer growth kinetics for the basal face and what the authors call a collected-molecule process for the prismatic system. 

The electrodeposition of Cr in acidic chloroaluminates was investigated in [24]. The authors report that the Cr content in the AlCr deposit can vary from 0 to 94 mol %, depending on the deposition parameters. The deposit consists both of Cr-rich and Al-rich solid solutions as well as intermetallic compounds. An interesting feature of these deposits is their high-temperature oxidation resistance, the layers seeming to withstand temperatures of up to 800 °C, so coatings with such an alloy could have interesting applications. 

ZnTe The electrodeposition of ZnTe was published quite recently [58]. The authors prepared a liquid that contained ZnGl2 and [EMIM]G1 in a molar ratio of 40 60. Propylene carbonate was used as a co-solvent, to provide melting points near room temperature, and 8-quinolinol was added to shift the reduction potential for Te to more negative values. Under certain potentiostatic conditions, stoichiometric deposition could be obtained. After thermal annealing, the band gap was determined by absorption spectroscopy to be 2.3 eV, in excellent agreement with ZnTe made by other methods. This study convincingly demonstrated that wide band gap semiconductors can be made from ionic liquids. 

Although the Langelier index is probably the most frequently quoted measure of a water s corrosivity, it is at best a not very reliable guide. All that the index can do, and all that its author claimed for it is to provide an indication of a water s thermodynamic tendency to precipitate calcium carbonate. It cannot indicate if sufficient material will be deposited to completely cover all exposed metal surfaces consequently a very soft water can have a strongly positive index but still be corrosive. Similarly the index cannot take into account if the precipitate will be in the appropriate physical form, i.e. a semi-amorphous egg-shell like deposit that spreads uniformly over all the exposed surfaces rather than forming isolated crystals at a limited number of nucleation sites. The egg-shell type of deposit has been shown to be associated with the presence of organic material which affects the growth mechanism of the calcium carbonate crystals . Where a substantial and stable deposit is produced on a metal surface, this is an effective anticorrosion barrier and forms the basis of a chemical treatment to protect water pipes . However, the conditions required for such a process are not likely to arise with any natural waters. 

Free-energy-concentration diagrams have been used in the study of the thermodynamic influence on the non-stoichiometry of the solid titanium carbide deposited from H2-CH4-TiCl4 gas mixtures at 1 900 K. The authors show how, from the partial pressure measurements of Ti vapour over a range of... 

Resistance to corrosion Most authors who compare resistance to corrosion of electroless nickel with that of electrodeposited nickel conclude that the electroless deposit is the superior material when assessed by salt spray testing, seaside exposure or subjection to nitric acid. Also, resistance to corrosion of electroless nickel is said to increase with increasing phosphorus level. However, unpublished results from International Nickel s Birmingham research laboratory showed that electroless nickel-phosphorus and electrolytic nickel deposits were not significantly different on roof exposure or when compared by polarisation data. 

The atmospheric corrosion performance of the newer colour anodised finishes is of interest, and severtil authors have reported testsLongterm weathering of dyed finishes has also been described and this has led to the recommendation of a limited range of special dyes for architectural applications Good performance of the combined anodised and elec-trophoretically deposited clear lacquered finishes, now used very widely in Japan, has also been reported together with details of the vertical lines used to produce them . 

For scientific work the fundamental standard of mass is the international prototype kilogram, which is a mass of platinum-iridium alloy made in 1887 and deposited in the International Bureau of Weights and Measures near Paris. Authentic copies of the standard are kept by the appropriate responsible authorities in the various countries of the world these copies are employed for the comparison of secondary standards, which are used in the calibration of weights for scientific work. The unit of mass that is almost universally employed in laboratory work, however, is the gram, which may be defined as the one-thousandth part of the mass of the international prototype kilogram. 

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