Electron-transporting polymers

Scheme 1-14. Examples of a oxadiazole- and a quinoxatine-containing electron-transporting polymer.

M.S. Liu, Z. Jiang, P. Herguth, and A.K.-Y. Jen, Efficient cyano-containing electron-transporting polymers for light-emitting diodes, Chem. Mater., 13 3820-3822, 2001. 

S. Dailey, M. Halim, E. Rebourt, L.E. Horsburgh, I.D.W. Samuel, and A.P. Monkman, An efficient electron-transporting polymer for light-emitting diodes, J. Phys. Condens. Matter, 10 5171-5178, 1998. 

P. Posch, R. Fink, M. Thelakkat, and H.-W. Schmidt, A comparison of hole blocking/electron transport polymers in organic LEDS, Acta Polym., 47 487-494, 1998. 

An example of the difficulties encountered when trying to fabricate an ohmic electrode, able to sustain a space-charge-limited current, is the recent work of the Neher group [179]. The authors deposited barium as an electron injection cathode on top of an electron transporting polymer based on a naphthalene diimide core whose LUMO is as low as 4 eV below vacuum level. Although the Fermi level of barium should be above the LUMO of the polymer, the electron current is. 

The only known electron transporting polymers known to date are polymers of a trinitrofluorenone monomer110. ... 

Electroluminescence (EL) studies done on CVP Polyazomethines indicated that it is primarily an electron transport polymer with a turn-on field -105 V/cm. This turn-on field is much better than that reported for solution processed PPV LEDs, and is in the same range as the some of the best values reported for the CVP-PPV. However, EL emission was only observed when a hole-transporting layer was introduced. They suggested that this might be due to the high ITO/polyazomethine energy barrier which injection of holes from the ITO electrode. ... 

Polyquinolines and polyquinoxalines are n-type (electron transporting) polymers and therefore offer alternative EL device engineering in conjunction with the extensively studied p-type (hole transporting) polymers such as poly(p-phe-nylene vinylene)s, polyphenylenes, and polythiophenes. A variety of polyquinolines [331,332] and polyquinoxalines [333] has been reported in the literature, acting as the active... 

A new type of electron-transporting polymer was reported as the first stereoregular polymerization of N-n-octyl-3-carbazoyl)acetylene, initiated with a Rh norboma-diene catalyst. The resulting polymers were composed of amorphous ds-transoid isomers, called a columnar, with wide range of emitting colors [356],... 

Yan, H., Chen, Z., Zheng, Y Newman, C., Quinn, J.R., Ddtz, F., Kastler, M., and Facchetti, A. (2009) A high-mobility electron-transporting polymer for printed transistors. Nature, 457, 679-687. 

X. Zhan, Z. Tan, B. Domercq, Z. An, X. Zhang, S. Barlow, Y. Li, D. Zhu, B. Kippelen and S. R. Marder, A high-mobility electron-transport polymer with broad absorption and its use in field-effect transistors and all-polymer solar cells, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 129, 7246-7247 (2007). 

Lee J-K, Gwinner MC, Berger R, Newby C, Zentel R, Friend RH, Sirringhaus H, Ober CK (2011) High-performance electron-transporting polymers derived from a heteroaryl bis (trifluoroborate). J Am Chem Soc 133 9949-9951... 

References to electron-transporting polymers or small molecules are rare in the literature. The only organic substances in which electron transport has been observed are solid solutions of TNF in polyester [15] or PVK [14] and some TNF derivatives [88], of which 2-alkyltrinitrofluoren-9-ones [89] are perhaps closest to TNF in their transport capabilities. Recently, several substituted diphenylquinones have been added to the small inventory of electron-transporting molecules [90]. It is interesting to note that the best transport performance has been achieved with TNF derivatives in PVK or other carbazole polymer binders. A methacrylate with the TNF group attached was polymerized, by no electron transport was detected [91]. 

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