Auger electron spectroscopy minerals

There are two principal subdivisions in molecular spectroscopy in-situ and non-in-situ methods (2,75). The principal invasive non-in-situ techniques used for soil and aquatic systems are x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and secondary mass spectroscopy (SIMS). Each of these techniques yields detailed information about the structure and bonding of minerals and the chemical species present on the mineral surfaces. 

Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) activates the sample through electrons producing ionization of atoms on the outer silane layer. During refilling of this hole by an outer electron, the energy released can be transferred to a third electron that leaves the solid and can be detected. By this method, two-dimensional silane-coated surfaces can be analyzed [27]. Although it may be assumed that comparable processes wiU take place on the surfaces of mineral fillers, AES cannot be used for analysis since mineral fillers are three-dimensional. 

Auger Electron Spectroscopy Electron Microprobe Analysis of Minerals Imaging Optics Particle Size Analysis Positron Microscopy Scanning Electron Microscopy... 

Hochella M. F., Jr. (1988) Auger electron and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies. In Spectroscopic Methods in Mineralogy and Geology (ed. F. C. Hawthorne). Miner-alogical Society of America, Wadiington, DC, vol. 18, pp. 573-637. 

Hochella MF Jr (1988) Auger electron and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies. Rev Mineral 18 573-638 Hofer HE, Brey GP, Schulz-Dobrick B, Oberhansi R (1994) The determination of the oxidation state of iron by electron microprobe. Eur J Mineral 6 407-418... 

Hirschmugl CJ (2002) Frontiers in infrared spectroscopy at surfaces and interfaces. Surf Sci 500 577-604 Hochella MF Jr (1988) Auger electron and photoelectron spectroscopies. Rev Mineral 18 573-637 Hochella MF Jr (1995) Mineral surfaces Their characterization and their chemical, physical, and reactive properties. In Vaughan DJ, Pattrick RAD (eds) Mineral Surfaces, Mineral Soc Ser 5, Chapman Hall, London, p 17-60... 

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