Attention with hyperactivity

Treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with psychostimulants... 

Somoza EC, Winhusen TM, Bridge TP, et al An open-label pilot study of methylpheni-date in the treatment of cocaine-dependent patients with adult attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. J Addict Dis 23 77—92, 2004 Sora 1, Wichems C, Takahashi N, et al Cocaine reward models conditioned place preference can be established in dopamine- and in serotonin-transporter knockout mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95 7699-7704, 1998 Soral, Hall FS, Andrews AM, etal Molecular mechanisms of cocaine reward combined dopamine and serotonin transporter knockouts eliminate cocaine place preference. Proc Nad Acad Sci U S A 98 5300-5305, 2001 Spear J, Alderton D Psychosis associated with prescribed dexamphetamine use 0etter). 

Recommend a therapeutic plan, including initial doses, dosage forms, and monitoring parameters, for a patient with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. 

Differentiate between the available pharmacotherapy used for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with respect to pharmacology and pharmaceutical formulation. 

Treatment goals for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder are to improve behavior, increase attention/response inhibition (ability to stay on task), and minimize side effects associated with pharmacotherapy. 

Pharmacotherapy is superior to behavioral therapy in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Behavior modification provided by parents and teachers in conjunction with pharmacotherapy improves treatment outcomes more than behavior therapy alone. 

American Academy of Pediatrics Subcommittee on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Committee on Quality Improvement. Clinical practice guideline Treatment of the school-aged child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 2001 108 1033-1044. 

Amphetamine Clinically used for narcolepsy (sudden day-time onset sleep) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) formerly used as a short-term slimming agent, as an antidepressant and to boost athletic performance recreational use widespread tolerance develops readily highly addictive regular users suffer many health problems and a reduced life expectancy amphetamine psychosis may develop, with similar symptoms to acute paranoid schizophrenia. 

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) A learning and behavioural disorder characterised by reduced attention span and hyperactivity. ADHD is a diagnosis applied to young children and is typically treated with the amphetamine derivative methylphenidate (Ritalin). 

The answer is a. (Hardman, p 22L Katzang, p L3L) Methylphenidate is similar to amphetamine and acts as a CN5 stimulant, with more pronounced effects on mental than on motor activities. It is effective in the treatment of narcolepsy and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders. 

Additionally, impulse-control and attention problems, hyperactivity, and even antisocial behavior could be caused by a prenatal exposure to psychoactive drugs that escaped detection. Research has linked these conditions with known prenatal toxicity, and the consequences of low levels of prenatal exposure to psychoactive substances can sometimes be missed. In these instances, the symptoms are more likely to be observed as behavioral and attributed to other causes (such as Attention-Deficit Disorder). Recent research also suggests that children of mothers who may have used substances during pregnancy also may be at risk for drug problems later in life (Baer, Sampson, Barr, Connor, Streissguth, 2003). 

American academy of pediatrics (2000), Clinical practice guideline diagnosis and evaluation of the child with attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder , Pediatrics, 105(5), 1158-70. 

Castellanos FX, Lee PP, Sharp W, Jeffries NO, Greenstein DK, Qasen LS, et al (2002) Developmental trajectories of brain volume abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. JAMA 288(14) 1740-1748... 

Tennant FS, Tarver AL, Rawason RA (1983) Clinical evaluation of mecamylamine for withdrawal from nicotine dependence. In Harris LS (ed) Problems of drug dependence, NIDA Research Monograph 49. USDHHS publication no, 84-1316, pp 239-246 Tercyak KP, Herman C, Audrain J (2002) Association of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms with levels of cigarette smoking in a community sample of adolescents, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 41 799-805... 

Gornick, M. C., Addington, A., Shaw, P., et al. (2007) Association of the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene 7-repeat allele with children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) an update. Am. J. Med. Genet. 144, 379-382. 

Levitan, R. D., Masellis, M., Basile, V. S., et al. (2002) Polymorphism of the serotonin-2A receptor gene (HTR2A) associated with childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adult women with seasonal affective disorder. J. Ajfect. Disord. 71, 229-233. 

Wilens TE, Spencer TJ, Biederman J. A review of the pharmacotherapy of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Attention Disord 2002 5(4) 189-202. 

Stimulants. A handful of case reports hint that treatment with stimulants (meth-ylphenidate or dextroamphetamine) can help manage behavioral agitation in patients who have suffered a TBI. Certainly, stimulant therapy helps control the impulsivity and hyperactivity of children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Despite these encouraging signs, we have to discourage any routine use of stimulants when attempting to manage behavioral lability in TBI patients. Because stimulants have the potential to exacerbate behavioral lability, we recommend that they only be considered when other medication alternatives have been exhausted. 

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