Prenatal toxicity

Fuchs VS, Golbs S, Kuhnert M, et al. 1976. [Studies into the prenatal toxic action of parathion methyl on Wistar rats and comparison with prenatal toxicity cyclophosphamide and trypan blue]. Arch Exp Vet Med 30 343-350. (German)... 

Additionally, impulse-control and attention problems, hyperactivity, and even antisocial behavior could be caused by a prenatal exposure to psychoactive drugs that escaped detection. Research has linked these conditions with known prenatal toxicity, and the consequences of low levels of prenatal exposure to psychoactive substances can sometimes be missed. In these instances, the symptoms are more likely to be observed as behavioral and attributed to other causes (such as Attention-Deficit Disorder). Recent research also suggests that children of mothers who may have used substances during pregnancy also may be at risk for drug problems later in life (Baer, Sampson, Barr, Connor, Streissguth, 2003). 

Byrd RA, Kimmel CA, Morris MD, et al. 1981. Altered pattern of prenatal toxicity in rats due to different treatment schedules with mirex. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 60(2) 213-219. 

Hellwing J, Freudenberger H, Jackh R (1997) Differential prenatal toxicity of branched phthalate esters in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 35 501-512... 

Klimisch HJ, Hellwig J Studies on the prenatal toxicity of 3-methyl-1-butanol and 2-methyl-1-propanol in rats and rabbits following inhalation exposure. Fundam Appl Toxicol 27(l) 77-89, 1995... 

Key words Teratology, Prenatal toxicity. Food, Food additives, FDA redbook... 

The developmental studies are performed to assess prenatal toxicity, teratogenicity in particular. The reproduction studies... 

The developmental studies are intended to provide information on any adverse effects of the food additive on pregnant women and their developing concepms. The study designs used are identical to those used to assess the prenatal toxicity of chemicals, except that dietary administration is preferred over gavage dosing. 

Rats and rabbits are the preferred species for prenatal toxicity studies because of the accumulated experience in developmental toxicity studies over many years. However, other species should be considered if the available metabolism or pharmacokinetic data show that they are more relevant to the human (see Note 1). 

Endpoints Measured During the Prenatal Toxicity Study... 

The ICH, OECD, FDA, and EPAhave issued guidance documents (1-4) for the conduct of embryotoxicity or prenatal toxicity studies. 

Key words Teratology, Regulatory toxicology. Prenatal toxicity. Reporting... 

The order in which the four items are specified is not important each company has its own preference, e.g., Prenatal toxicity study with boric acid by oral administration in the rat. 

Key words Pesticides, Prenatal toxicity study, Two-generation study. Regulatory toxicology. Hazard identification, Risk assessment... 

Reproductive toxicity, including prenatal toxicity in two species (rat, rabbit) and a two-generation study in rats... 

Repeat-dose neurotoxicity studies may identify behavioral effects or impaired nerve functions that can interfere with mating or maternal care. Developmental neurotoxicity studies have been conducted for specific pesticide classes, following requirements of US-EPA. If such a study is available it can be examined not only for the study-specific endpoints on the developing brain but also compared to the prenatal toxicity study and the two-generation smdy with respect to general endpoints of pre- and postnatal development, respectively. 

The placenta, although of vital importance for the viability and the development of the conceptus, is a neglected organ in most prenatal toxicity studies for pesticides. Older studies often give no information at all, while newer investigations contain at least placental... 

Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate was one of several phthalate esters evaluated for prenatal toxicity in Wistar rats (Hellwig et al., 1997). Groups of 10 females received di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate at doses of 0, 40, 200 and 1000 mg/kg bw per day by oral... 

Heindel, J.J. Powell, C.J. (1992) Phthalate ester effects on rat Sertoli cell function in vitro effects of phthalate side chain and age of animal. Toxicol appl. Pharmacol, 115, 116-123 Hellwig, J., Freudenberger, H. Jackh, R. (1997) Differential prenatal toxicity of branched phthalate esters in rats. Food Cosmel Toxicol, 35, 501-512 Hildebrand, H., Schmidt, U., Kempka, G, Jacob, R., Ahr, H.J., Ebener, C., Goretzki, RE. Bader, A. (1999) An in-vitro model for peroxisome proliferation utilizing primary hepatocytes in sandwich culture. Toxicol. In Vitro, 13, 265-273... 

Gamer, A.O., Hellwig, J. Hildebrand, B. (1993) Study of the Prenatal Toxicity ofDiethanol-amin in Rats after Inhalation, Froject No. 31R0233/90010). BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Ludwigshafen, Germany... 

Neubert D (1982) The use of culture techniques in studies on prenatal toxicity. Pharm Ther, 18 397-434. 

Stahlmann R, Klug S, Foerster M, Neubert D (1993) Significance of embryoculture methods for studying the prenatal toxicity of virustatic agents. Reprod Toxlcol, 7(Suppl 1) 129-143. 

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