Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children

Spencer TJ, Biederman J, Wilens TE, Earaone SV. Novel treatments for attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in children. J Clin Psychiatry 2002 62(Supplement 12) 16-22. 

Waldman, I., Rowe, D., Abramowitz, A., Kozel, S., Mohr, J., Sherman, S., Cleveland, H., Sanders, M., Card, J., and Stever, C. (1998) Association and linkage of the dopamine transporter gene and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children heterogeneity owing to diagnostic subtype and severity. Am J Hum Genet 63 1767-1776. 

Swanson, J., Gupta, S., Guinta, D., Flynn, D., Agler, D., Lerner, M., Williams, L., Shoulson, I., Wigal, S. (1999a) Acute tolerance to methylphenidate in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children. Clin Pharmacol Pher 66 295-305. 

Goldman, L., Genel, M., Bezman, R., and Slanetz, P. (1998) Diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents./AMA 279 1100-1107. 

Is maternal smoking during pregnancy a risk factor for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children Am J Psychiatry 153 1138-1142. 

Gadow, K.D., Sverd, J., Sprafkin, J., Nolan, E.E., and Ezor, S.N. (1995) Efficacy of methylphenidate for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children with tic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 52 444 55. 

Lahey, B., Applegate, B., McBurnett, K., Biederman, J., Greenhill, L., Hynd, G., et al. (1994) DSM-IV field trials for attention—deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 151 1673-1685. 

It has been suggested that abnormalities in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adults may be similar to those seen in early stages of PD (McCracken 1991). Of interest is that nicotinic mechanisms interact closely with dopamine systems (Kirch et al. 1988) and that nicotinic receptors may serve to regulate dopamine release (Clarke and Pert 1985 Rapier et al. 1990) in striatal and mesolimbic pathways. Nicotine is now being tried as an experimental treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults (Levin et al. 1995). 

McCracken JT A two-part model of stimulant action on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 3 201-208, 1991... 

Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents... 

PS,PS)-2-Phenyl-2-(piperidin-2-yl)acetic acid methyl ester (INN methyl-phenidate) is a centrally acting sympathomimetic used in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. Dexmethylphenidate is the pure (and significantly more active) enantiomer with the R,R configuration available in the USA. The diastereomeric racemate with the RS,SR configuration whilst a commercially available chemical is not used as a pharmaceutical. (Note the small structural difference between these compounds and levofacetoperane, question 149). 

Kirby K, Floriani V, Bernstein H. Diagnosis and management of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. Curr Opin Pediatr 2001 13(2) 190-9. 

It can be used orally as an appetite suppressant, an antinarcolepsy treatment, and for hyperkinesis or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children. It is a drug of abuse... 

S-methylhomocy teine methionine, methylisogenistin genistein. /V-methylmescaline mescaline, methylmorphine codeine, a-methy I noradrenaline levonordefrin. methyl pentynol (ban. inn] is an acetylenic carbinol. with HYPNOTIC and SEDATIVE properties. It has been used in the treatment of insomnia and as an anxiolytic. methyl-PGEj arbaprostil. methylphenidate [ban, inn] (methylphenidate hydrochloride [jan, usan] Ritalin ) is a CNS STIMULANT and dopamine (re) UPTAKE INHIBITOR. It is used in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, methylphenidate hydrochloride methylphenidate. 

Boris M, Mandel FS. Foods and additives are common causes of the attention deficit hyperactive disorder in children. Ann Allergy 1994 72(5) 462 8. 

Dr. Lynn Crismon s work in developing the Texas Medication Algorithms for treatment of depression in children and adults and the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children" "" laid the groundwork for psychiatric pharmacists to work with psychiatrists, psychologists, other health care professionals, and consumer groups to develop and implement national therapeutic guidelines. 

Goldman, Lany S., et al. (1998) Diagnosis and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and AAo sctnxs. Journal of the American Medical Association 279(14) 1100-1107. 

OTHER THERAPEUTIC USES OE THESE DRUGS The various antidepressant agents have found broad utility in other disorders that may not be related psychobiologicaUy to the mood disorders. Current applications include rapid but temporary suppression of enuresis with low (e.g., 25 mg) pre-bedtime doses of tricyclic antidepressants, including imipramine and nortriptyline, by uncertain mechanisms in children and in geriatric patients, as well as a beneficial effect of duloxetine on urinary stress incontinence. Antidepressants have a growing role in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adults, for which imipramine, desipramine, and nortriptyline appear to be effective, even in patients responding poorly to or who are intolerant of the stimulants (e.g., methylphenidate). Newer NE selective reuptake inhibitors also may be useful in this disorder atomoxetine is approved for this application. Utility of SSRIs in this syndrome is not established, and bupropion, despite its similarity to stimulants, appears to have limited efficacy. 

Methylphenidate hydrochloride (Ritalin and Concerta [Novartis, Basel, Switzerland]) (11, Scheme 2.1) is a mild nervous system stimulant that is primarily prescribed for treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children. Although it is marketed in its racemic form, it has been reported that the (+) enantiomer is 5 to 38 times more active than its racemate.Although previous syntheses of (+)-methylphenidate involved classic resolution, researchers at Novartis reported an enantioselective synthesis of (+)-methylphenidate in 1997. As depicted in Scheme 2.1, the synthesis began with a diastereoselective... 

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