Atropine tachycardia caused

Adverse effects Depending on the dose, atropine may cause dry mouth, blurred vision, sandy eyes , tachycardia, and constipation. Effects on the CNS include restlessness, confusion, halluci-... 

Atropine is an antidotal treatment. It is used to reverse the muscarinic signs, but it will not reverse the nicotinic effects (muscular weakness, diaphragmatic weakness, etc.). Atropine blocks the effects of accumulated acetylcholine (ACh) at the synapse and should be continued until the nerve agent is metabohzed (Midthng et al, 1985). Over-atropinization can cause hyperthermia, tachycardia, agitation, mydriasis, and ileus, which can be life threatening in the horse (Meerstadt, 1982). 

Atropine can be used in the differential diagnosis of S-A node dysfunction. If sinus bradycardia is due to extracardiac causes, atropine can generally elicit a tachy-cardic response, whereas it cannot elicit tachycardia if the bradycardia results from intrinsic causes. Under certain conditions, atropine may be useful in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction. Bradycardia frequently occurs after acute myocardial infarction, especially in the first few hours, and this probably results from excessive vagal tone. The increased tone and bradycardia... 

Most of the haemodynamic effects of opioids are related to decreased central sympathetic outflow, specific vagal effects or, in the case of morphine and pethidine, histamine release. Fentanyl and its analogues do not cause histamine release. All opioids, with the exception of pethidine, produce bradycardia by actions on the afferent fibres of the vagus and the nucleus tractus solitarius and nucleus commissuralis, which have very high densities of opioid receptors. Pethidine often produces tachycardia, possibly due to its structural similarity to atropine. In isolated heart or heart-muscle preparations, opioids produce a dose-related negative inotropic effect, but only at concentrations 100 to several thousand times those found clinically. 

Atropine is absorbed orally and crosses the placental barrier, whereupon it causes fetal tachycardia. Atropine has been used to examine the functional integrity of the placenta. 

Succinylcholine may cause tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, and hypertension, which is brought about by stimulation of the sympathetic ganglia. It may also provoke bradycardia, caused by stimulation of muscarinic receptor sites in the sinus node of the heart. This effect is more pronounced following a second dose of succinylcholine. The bradycardia may be blocked by thiopental, atropine, and ganglionic blocking agents. 

Atropine is absorbed orally and crosses the placental barrier, whereupon it causes fetal tachycardia. Atropine has been used to examine the functional integrity of the placenta. Atropine toxicity is characterized by dry mouth, burning sensation in the mouth, rapid pulse, mydriasis, blurred vision, photophobia, dry and flushed skin, restlessness, and excitement. 

At higher concentrations, atropine causes block of all parasympathetic functions. However, atropine is a remarkably safe drug in adults. Atropine poisoning has occurred as a result of attempted suicide, but most cases are due to attempts to induce hallucinations. Poisoned individuals manifest dry mouth, mydriasis, tachycardia, hot and flushed skin, agitation, and delirium for as long as a week. Body temperature is frequently elevated. These effects are memorialized in the adage, "dry as a bone, blind as a bat, red as a beet, mad as a hatter."... 

Intoxications with higher concentrations will cause tachycardia, mydriasis, CNS excitations and hallucinations, coma and ultimately death [42], Incorporation of atropine (more correctly S-hyoscyamine) is the predominant reason for TA intoxication after ingestion of Datura plants. 

Incidental and accidental intake of atropine and scopolamine, which are the main tropane alkaloids in plants of the solanecae family, may provoke poisoning of man and livestock [11,13-15, 55, 57,119-122] causing agitation, aggression, hallucinations, dry mouth and skin, mydriasis, loss of consciousness followed by coma combined with tachycardia, hypotension, and hyperthermia [57, 121], A detailed statistical analysis of paediatric plant exposures in Germany within the years 1998-2004 has been provided by Pietsch et al. [123], They found that most prevalent victims of accidental plant exposures are children in the age of 1-6 years presumably being misled by the attractive plump berries. 

Glycopyrronium is used in anaesthetic premedication to reduce salivary secretion given i.v. it causes less tachycardia than does atropine. 

Of direct relevance for pesticide science is the antagonist atropine. This toxicant also binds specifically to the muscarinic receptors where it blocks the effect of ACh. The symptoms are therefore the opposite of those caused by muscarine or acetylcholine (pupil dilation, dry mouth, inhibition of sweating, tachycardia, palpitations, hallucinations, delirium, etc.). Atropine is an important antidote when one is poisoned with a cholinesterase-inhibiting insecticide. 

Casualties with side effects from chemical agent antidotes. Some of the available antidotes may have undesirable side effects when taken inappropriately, or in large enough quantities. Atropine, for instance, causes decreased heat tolerance at a dose of 1 mg. Higher doses may cause tachycardia, dryness of the mouth, and decreased sweating. Medical personnel must be aware of the side effects of the available antidotes and be alert for their appearance. 

The main effect of atropine on the heart is the alteration of the rate. At low doses, the rate is slowed (bradycardia) without a change in blood pressure or cardiac output. Higher doses cause an increase in pulse rate (tachycardia). Atropine may be used in the initial treatment of a myocardial infarction or high-grade atrioventricular block. 

The cardiovascular effects of muscarinic receptor antagonists are of limited clinical application. Atropine may be considered in the initial treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction in whom excessive vagal tone causes sinus or nodal bradycardia. Dosing must be judicious doses that are too low can cause a paradoxical bradycardia excessive doses will cause tachycardia that may extend the infarct by increasing demand. Atropine occasiormlly is useful in reducing the severe bradycardia and syncope associated with a hyperactive carotid sinus reflex. Atropine will protect the SA and AV nodes from the effects of excessive ACh in instances of poisoning with anticholinesterase pesticides. 

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