Atomic force microscopy clays

Weidler, P.G. Hug, S.J. Wetche,T.P. Hiem-stra, T. (1998 a) Determination of growth rates of (100) and (110) faces of synthetic goefhite by scanning force microscopy. Geochrm. Cos-mochim. Acta 62 21-22 Weidler, P.G. Schwinn, T. Gaub, H.E. (1996) Vicinal faces on synthetic goefhite observed by atomic force microscopy. Clays Clay Min. 44 437-442... 

Weidler, P. G., Schwinn, T., and Gaub, H. E. (1996) Vicinal faces on synthetic goethite observed by atomic force microscopy. Clays Clay Min. 44 437-443. 

This paper contributes to the literature by quantifying anionic polymer adsorption onto the clay minerals kaolinite, feldspar, mica and quartz by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XPS measures the sorbed amount directly rather than by a subtraction technique. This enables an insight into how effective selective flocculation is for obtaining kaolinite from a mineral mixture. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is also used to image polymer adsorption onto mineral surfaces and the effectiveness of this technique applied to mineral surfaces is discussed here. 

Sullivan, E. J., Hunter, D. B., and Bowman, R. S. (1997). Topological and thermal properties of surfactant-modified clinoptilolite studied by tapping-mode atomic force microscopy and high-resolution thermogravimetric analysis. Clays Clay Miner., 45(1), 42-53. 

Bickmore, B.R. et al.. Methods for performing atomic force microscopy imaging of clay minerals in aqueous solutions. Clays Clay Miner., 47, 573, 1999. 

Schryver, F.C. Multilayered clay films Atomic force microscopy study and modeling. Langmuir 1999, 15, 7520-7529. 

Atomic force microscopy has been used to image clays since its earliest use in the geological sciences (14). In addition, it has become commonplace to use AFM in-situ, that is in solution to observe mineral-solution interactions in real time. However, we are not aware of previous studies other than our own which image clay particles in solution. Why is imaging clays with AFM in solution important Especially for the interlayer exchange reaction just discussed, observing the reactivity of individual particles in solution and in real time, allows one to draw direct conclusions about the role of dimensionality on the exchange process. Therefore, we set out to develop a technique which allows AFM observations of clay-size particles in solution. This is described next. 

FIGURE 2.13 (a-d) Sequence of atomic force microscope images of kaolinite particles deposited on mica substrate, in four scan sizes (from 7 x 7 to 0.2 x 0.2 pm). (Reprinted from Powder Technology, 126, Vaz, Herrmann, and Crestana, Thickness and size distribution of clay-sized soil particles measured through atomic force microscopy, 51-58. Copyright 2002,... 

Macht, R, K. Eusterhues, G. J. Pronk, and K. U. Totsche. 2011. Specific surface area of clay minerals Comparison between atomic force microscopy measurements and buUc-gas (N2) and -liquid (EGME) adsorption methods. Applied Clay Science 53, no. 1 20-26. doi 10.1016/j.clay.2011.04.006. 

Chow W S, Mohd Ishak Z A and Karger-Kocsis J (2005) Atomic force microscopy study on blend morphology and clay dispersion in polyamide-6/polypropylene/organo-clay systems, J Polym Set Part B Phys 43 1198-1204. 

Figure 5.110. Atomic force microscopy phase images of (A) TPO-0 (no clay), (B) TPO-1 (0.6% clay), (C) TPO-3 (2.3% clay), (D) TPO-6 (5.6% clay). (From Mirabella et al. [504], (2004) Wiley-Interscience used with permission.)...

Ganguly A, De Sarkar M, Bhowmick AK. Morphological mapping and analysis of poly [styrene-b-(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-styrene] and its clay nanocomposites by atomic force microscopy. J Polym Sci B 2007 45 52-66. 

Since the invention of the atomic force microscope (AFM) by Binning et al. (48), which can generate atomic-scale images of materials, this new tool has often been used in combination with electron microscopy to examine the surface and porosity of pillared clays. The principle of this technique is based on scanning the surface of a sample with a very sharp tip, brought within close proximity of the sample, to map the contours of the surface. Hartman et al. (49) demonstrated the ability of the AFM to image molecular-scale features of montmorillonite and illite. Occelli et al. (50,51) conducted a profound characterization of Al-pillared... 

M. Prasad, M. Kopycinska, U. Rabe, and W. Arnold, Measurement of Young s Modulus of Clay Minerals Using Atomic Force Acoustic Microscopy, Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, 13 16 (2002). 

---