Electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry

Kimbrough and Wakakuwa [276,330] reported on an interlaboratory comparison study involving 160 accredited hazardous materials laboratories. Each laboratory performed a mineral acid digestion on five soils spiked with arsenic, cadmium, molybdenum, selenium and thallium. The instrumental detection methods used were inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, flame atomic absorption spectrometry, electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry and hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry. At most concentrations, the results obtained with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry... 

Atomic absorption spectrometry Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) is at present the most commonly used technique for the determination of silicon in biological fluids. Owing to the formation of refractory silicon carbide and volatile silicon oxide compounds during the atomization cycle in the graphite tube. 

See alsa Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Electrothermal. Atomic Emission Spectrometry Flame Photometry. Cadmium. Carbon. Chemiiuminescence Overview. Fluorescence Environmental Applications. Gas Chromatography Environmental Applications. Laser-Based Techniques. Lead. Nitrogen. Ozone. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Environmental Applications. Remote Gas Sensing Overview. Spectrophotometry Inorganic Compounds. Sulfur. X-Ray Fluorescence and Emission X-Ray Fluorescence Theory. 

See also Amperometry. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Electrothermal. Atomic Mass Spectrometry Inductively Coupled Plasma. Derivatization of Analytes. Distillation. Electrophoresis Principles. Extraction ... 

Danish Standard (1990) Determination of metals in water, sludge and sediments - determined by flameless for determination by atomic absorption spectrometry - electrothermal atomisation in graphite furnace - General principles and guidelines. Ds 2210. 

Miscellaneous. Trace analyses have been performed for a variety of other materials. Table 9 Hsts some uses of electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (etaas) for determination of trace amounts of elements in a variety of matrices. The appHcations of icp /ms to geological and biological materials include the following (165) ... 

INDIRECT DETERMINATION OF ASCORBIC ACID BY ELECTROTHERMAL ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY... 

COMPARISON OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED EXTRACTION METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF PLATINUM GROUP ELEMENTS IN SOIL SAMPLES BY ELECTROTHERMAL ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY AFTER PHASE SEPARATION-EXTRACTION... 

Electrothermal vaporization can be used for 5-100 )iL sample solution volumes or for small amounts of some solids. A graphite furnace similar to those used for graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry can be used to vaporize the sample. Other devices including boats, ribbons, rods, and filaments, also can be used. The chosen device is heated in a series of steps to temperatures as high as 3000 K to produce a dry vapor and an aerosol, which are transported into the center of the plasma. A transient signal is produced due to matrix and element-dependent volatilization, so the detection system must be capable of time resolution better than 0.25 s. Concentration detection limits are typically 1-2 orders of magnitude better than those obtained via nebulization. Mass detection limits are typically in the range of tens of pg to ng, with a precision of 10% to 15%. 

Lead in soil slurries Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry... 

Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry of Trace Metals in Biological Fluids... 

The scope of this review Is limited to electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, with emphasis upon Its clinical applications. This article Is Intended to supplement the recent treatises on the basic technique which have been written by Aggett and Sprott ( ) > Ingle ( ), Klrkbrlght (34), Price (63), and Woodrlff (83). This resume does not consider various related topics, such as (a) atomic fluorescence or emission spectrometry (b) non-flame atomization devices which employ direct current... 

Inadequate regulation of atomizer temperature Is a major source of Imprecision In electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The programmed heating of electrothermal atomizers can be achieved by five different methods, depending upon the electrical or physical parameters which are monltorled during... 

Micro-pipetting instruments such as the "Eppendorf or "Oxford pipettors with disposable plastic cone tips are customarily employed to dispense the liquid samples into electrothermal atomizers. Sampling problems which are associated with the use of these pipettors are among the troublesome aspects of electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (67,75). The plastic cone-tips are frequently contaminated with metals, and they should invariably be cleaned before use by soaking in dilute "ultra pure nitric acid, followed by multiple rinses with demineralized water which has been distilled in a quartz still. 

Aqueous standard solutions are a source of certain difficulties In electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry of trace metals In biological fluids The viscosities and surface tensions of aqueous standard solutions are substantially less than the viscosities and surface tensions of serum, blood and other proteln-contalnlng fluids These factors Introduce volumetric disparities In pipetting of standard solutions and body fluids, and also cause differences In penetration of these liquids Into porous graphite tubes or rods Preliminary treatment of porous graphite with xylene may help to minimize the differences of liquid penetration (53,67) A more satisfactory solution of this problem Is preparation of standards In aqueous solutions of metal-free dextran (50-60 g/llter), as first proposed by Pekarek et al ( ) for the standardization of serum chromium analyses This practice has been used successfully by the present author for standardization of analyses of serum nickel The standard solutions which are prepared In aqueous dextran resemble serum In regard to viscosity and surface tension Introduction of dextran-contalnlng standard solutions Is an Important contribution to electrothermal atomic absorption analysis of trace metals In body fluids. 

N1 and Zn from a graphite rod were significantly lower than from a tantalum filament, suggesting that these free metal atoms can be liberated by chemical reduction of their respective oxides, rather than by direct thermal dissociation. Findlay et al (19) emphasized the hazards of preatomlzatlon losses of trace met s In electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, when the ashing temperature Is permitted to exceed the minimum temperature for vaporization of the analyte. 

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