Atomic absorption spectrometry antimony

Backmank S, Karlsson RW (1979) Determination of lead, bismuth, zinc, silver and antimony in steel and nickel-base alloys by atomic-absorption spectrometry using direct atomization of solid samples in a graphite furnace. Analyst 104 1017-1029. 

Sturgeon et al. [59] have described a hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry method for the determination of antimony in seawater. The method uses formation of stibene using sodium borohydride. Stibine gas was trapped on the surface of a pyrolytic graphite coated tube at 250 °C and antimony determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. An absolute detection limit of 0.2 ng was obtained and a concentration detection limit of 0.04 pg/1 obtained for 5 ml sample volumes. 

It is seen by examination of Table 1.11(b) that a wide variety of techniques have been employed including spectrophotometry (four determinants), combustion and wet digestion methods and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (three determinants each), atomic absorption spectrometry, potentiometric methods, molecular absorption spectrometry and gas chromatography (two determinants each), and flow-injection analysis and neutron activation analysis (one determinant each). Between them these techniques are capable of determining boron, halogens, total and particulate carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, silicon, selenium, arsenic antimony and bismuth in soils. 

The acid digestion procedure described above for biological tissues. Crock and Lichte [135] recently described a similar procedure, involving hydrofluoric as well as nitric, perchloric and sulphuric acids, for dissolution of geological materials prior to arsenic and antimony determination by atomic absorption spectrometry. 

A. Lopez-Molinero, P. Calatayud, D. Sipiera, R. Falcon, D. Linan and J. R. Castillo, Determination of antimony in poly(ethylene terephthalate) by volatile bromide generation flame atomic absorption spectrometry, Microchim. Acta, 158(3-4), 2007, 247-253. 

X. Ch. Le, W. R. Cullen, K. J. Reimer and 1. D. Brindie, A new continous hybride generator for the determination of arsenic, antimony and tin by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta, 258(2), 1992, 307-315. 

Koch, Ch. F. Harrington, K. J. Reimer and W. R. Cullen, Simplex optimisation of conditions for the determination of antimony in environmental samples by using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, Talanta, 44(7), 1997, 1241-1251. 

H. Matusiewicz and M. Krawczyk, Determination of total antimony and inorganic antimony species by hydride generation in situ trapping flame atomic absorption spectrometry a new way to (ultra)trace speciation analysis, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 23, 2008, 43-53. 

This book is rooted in an informal discussion with three researchers. Dr Alatzne Carlosena, Dr Monica Felipe and Dr Maria Jesus Cal, after they had some problems measuring antimony in soils and sediments by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. While we reviewed the results and debated possible problems, much like in a brainstorming session, I realized that some of their difficulties were highly similar to those found in molecular spectrometry (mid-IR spectroscopy, where I had some experience), namely a lack of peak reproducibility, noise, uncontrollable amounts of concomitants, possible matrix interferences, etc. 

J. Y. Cabon, Influence of Experimental Parameters on the Determination of Antimony in Seawater by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, Anal. Bioarud. Chem. 2003,374, 1282. 

Coal contains several elements whose individual concentrations are generally less than 0.01%. These elements are commonly and collectively referred to as trace elements. These elements occur primarily as part of the mineral matter in coal. Hence, there is another standard test method for determination of major and minor elements in coal ash by ICP-atomic emission spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (ASTM D-6357). The test methods pertain to the determination of antimony, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, vanadium, and zinc (as well as other trace elements) in coal ash. 

Mierzwa and Dobrowolski [39 ] determined selenium using combined slurry sampling, microwave-assisted extraction and hydride atomic absorption spectrometry. Lopez-Garcia et al. [40] also used slurry sampling in the determination of arsenic and antimony in soil. 

Various other techniques that have applied to the determination of antimony in multi-cation analysis include atomic absorption spectrometry (Sect. 2.55), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (Sect. 2.55), neutron activation analysis (Sect. 2.55) and photon activation analysis (Sect. 2.55). 

Haring et al. [31] determined arsenic and antimony by a combination of hydride generation and atomic absorption spectrometry. These workers found that, compared to the spectrophotometric technique, the atomic absorption spectrophotometric technique with a heated quartz cell suffered from interferences by other hydride-forming elements. 

The recommended procedure for the determination of arsenic and antimony involves the addition of 1 g of potassium iodide and 1 g of ascorbic acid to a sample of 20 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid. This solution should be kept at room temperature for at least five hours before initiation of the programmed MH 5-1 hydride generation system, i.e., before addition of ice-cold 10% sodium borohydride and 5% sodium hydroxide. In the hydride generation technique the evolved metal hydrides are decomposed in a heated quartz cell prior to determination by atomic absorption spectrometry. The hydride method offers improved sensitivity and lower detection limits compared to graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. However, the most important advantage of hydride-generating techniques is the prevention of matrix interference, which is usually very important in the 200 nm area. 

Mohammad, B., Ure, A.M., Reglinski,J. and Littlejohn, D. (1990) Speciation of antimony in natural waters the determination of Sb(III) and Sb(V) by continuous flow hydride generation-atomic absorption spectrometry. Chem. Spec. Bioavail., 3, 117-122. 

Narsito, J. Agterdenbos, and S.J. Santosa. 1990. Study of processes in the hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry of antimony, arsenic and selenium. Anal. Chim. Acta 237 189-199. 

B. J. Kildahl, W. Lund, Determination of arsenic and antimony in wine by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 354 (1996), 93-96. 

A. M. Wifladt, G. Wibetoe, W. Lund, Determination of antimony in wine by hydride generation graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 357 (1997), 92-96. 

M. H. Canuto, H. G. Luna Siebald, G. Magela de Lima, J. B. Borda Silva, Antimony and chromium determination in Brazilian sugar cane spirit, cachaca, by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry using matrix matching calibration and ruthenium as permanent modifier, J. Anal. Atom Spectrom., 18 (2003), 1404-1406. 

Petit de Pena, Y., Vielma, O., Burguera, J.L., Burguera, M., Rondon, C., Carrero, P. On line determination of antimony (III) and antimony (V) in liver tissue and whole blood by flow injection - hydride generation - atomic absorption spectrometry. Talanta 55,743-754 (2001)... 

Fan, Z. Determination of antimony(ni) and total antimony by single-drop microextraction combined with electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta 585, 300-304 (2007)... 

DETERMINATION OF ANTIMONY, BISMUTH AND TIN IN POLLUTION AEROSOLS BY HYDRIDE GENERATION AND ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY... 

Atmospheric particulates, collected on Whatman 41 cellulose filters, are decomposed with sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide for subsequent determination of antimony and bismuth and with sulfuric acid and nitric acid for tin. Each element is analyzed independently by hydride generation/atomic absorption spectrometry. The optimization of instrumental as well as chemical parameters is described. The precision of the entire procedure is generally better than 10%. The detection limits are 0.25 ng m" for antimony and tin and 0.13 ng m for bismuth if 400 m of air are filtered and a 2 ml aliquot of the initial 50 ml sample solution is analyzed. 

Fiorina JA, Jones JW, Capar SG. 1976. Sequential determination of arsenic, selenium, antimony and tellurium in foods via rapid hydride evolution and atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal Chem 48 120-125. 

ISO (2001) Soil Quality — Determination of arsenic, antimony and selenium in aqua regia soil extracts with electrothermal or hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry, draft ISO/CD 20280. ISO/DIS 17294, Water Quality — Application of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) - Part 1 General guideline Part 2 Determination of 61 elements (in preparation). 

ISO/CD 20280 Soil quality - Determination of arsenic, antimony and selenium -Method by extraction in aqua regia and atomic absorption spectrometry. 

The principal methods used for detection and quantification of antimony in biological and environmental samples are various modifications of neutron activation analysis (NAA) and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) (ATSDR 1992). AAS techniques (including matrix modification, hydride-formation and flameless AAS) - eventually after enrichment - have proved especially... 

Yu MQ, Liu GQ and Jin Q (1983) Determination of trace arsenic, antimony, selenium and tellurium in various oxidation states in water by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry after enrichment and separation with thiol cotton. Talanta 30 57-62. 

N. Zhou, W. Freeh, and E. Lundberg, Rapid Determination of Lead, Bismuth, Antimony and Silver in Steels by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Combined with Flow Injection Analysis. Anal. Chim. Acta, 153 (1983) 23. 

The main advantage of hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry for the determination of antimony, arsenic, selenium, and so on, is its superior sensitivity. 

---