Atherosclerotic plaque imaging

Endoscopy Cardiovascular imaging Imaging via endoscopes or intravasal catheters Tumours of the GI tract. Reflected light, oral cavity fluorescence. , , . Atherosclerotic plaques... 

Using flexible endoscopic catheters, intravascular fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging demonstrated that atherosclerotic plaques and other vascular abnormalities can be identified and characterized based either on endogenous fluorophores [11] or exogenous fluorescent dyes [146,147]. 

Molecular imaging may potentially address not only the pathophysiology of ischemia but also vascular inflammation causing rupture of atherosclerotic plaques before major ischemic events. Initial approaches have used imaging of "indium radiolabeled monocytes [150], upregulated metallo-proteinases [151], and imaging of apoptosis in atherosclerotic lesions [152]. However, none have evolved into clinically useful tests. 

Atherosclerotic plaque also forms a target for imaging monoclonals. Most often, the antibodies employed display specificity for activated platelets, usually found in association with ruptured plaque. 

Atherosclerosis The imaging of atherosclerosis with [ F]FDG PET was advanced and recent studies in rabbits showed that the tracer accumulated in macrophage-rich atherosclerotic plaques. It was assumed that the vascular macrophage activity can be quantified by p FlFDO PET [189]. Further studies in rabbits demonstrated that this imaging modality is useful for the clinical evaluation of therapeutic effects of drugs as well as for the development of new drugs that can reduce and inhibit inflammation of vulnerable plaques [190]. 

M. Ogawa, S. Ishino, T. Mukai, D. Asano, N. Teramoto, H. Watabe, N. Kudomi, M. Shiomi, Y. Magata, H. lida, H. Saji, F-FDG accumulation in atherosclerotic plaques Immunohistochemical and PET imaging study, J. Nucl. Med. 45 (2004) 1245-1250. 

J.H. Rudd, E.A. Warburton, T.D. Fryer, H.A. Jones, J.C. Clark, N. Antoun, P. Johnstrom, A.P. Davenport, P.J. Kirkpatrick, B.N. Arch, J.D. Pickard, P.L. Weissberg, Imaging atherosclerotic plaque inflammation with [ F]-fluorodeoxy-glucose positron emission tomography. Circulation 105 (2002) 2708-2711. 

J.H.F. Rudd, K.S. Myers, S. Bansilal, J. Machac, A. Rafique, M. Farkouh, V. Fuster, Z.A. Fayad, Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging of atherosclerotic plaque inflammation is highly reproducible Implications for atherosclerosis therapy trials, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 50 (2007) 892-896. 

Vascular imaging allows determination of supply vessel occlusions, the presence of clots and wall abnormalities, such as atherosclerotic plaques and possible plaque ulceration, and, if they exist, to assess their effect on blood flow. 

Choudhury RR FusterV BadimonJJ, Fisher EA, Fayad ZA, MRI and characterization of atherosclerotic plaque emerging applications and molecular imaging. Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol 2002 22 1065— 1074. 

Burtea, C., Laurent, S., Murariu, O., et al. (2008) Molecular imaging of integrin expression in atherosclerotic plaques with a mimetic of RGD peptide grafted to Gd-DTPA. Cardiovascular Research, 78, 148-157. 

Barkhausen J, Ebert W, Heyer C, Debatin JF, Weinmann HJ. Detection of atherosclerotic plaque with Gadofluorine-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 2003 108 605-609. 

K. B., Kessels, A.G., Kitslaar, P.J., Borgers, M., Frederik, P.M., Daemen, M.J., and van Engelshoven, J.M. (2003) Accumulation of ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide in human atherosclerotic plaques can be detected by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 107, 2453—2458. 

Recently, Qin et al. (2005) reported on molecular imaging of atherosclerotic plaques with Tc-labeled antisense oligonucleotides. 

R 601 D. A. Torchia and R. Ishima, Molecular Structure and Dynamics of Proteins in Solution Insights Derived from High-Resolution NMR Approaches , Pure Appl. Chem., 2003,75,1371 R 602 J. Torres, T. J. Stevens and M. Samso, Membrane Proteins The Wild West of Structural Biology , Trends Biochem. Sci., 2003, 28,137 R603 S. Tsimikas, Noninvasive Imaging of Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein in Atherosclerotic Plaques with Tagged Oxidation-Specific Antibodies , Am. J. Cardiol, 2002,90,22L... 

Dey D, Slomka P, Chien D et al. (2006) Direct quantitative in vivo comparison of calcified atherosclerotic plaque on vascular MRI and CT by multimodality image registration. J Magn Reson Imaging 23(3) 345-354 Feichtinger M, Holl A, Korner E et al. (2002) Future aspects of the presurgical evaluation in epilepsy. Acta Neurochir Suppl 84 17-26... 

Randomized clinical trials with arterial imaging endpoints have consistently suggested that niacin or combination therapy including niacin improved atherosclerotic plaques. 

Twenty human coronary tissue sections were obtained postmortem and mounted in paraffin onto low-e glass slides for IR microspectroscopy. A visible light image of a stained section of human coronary atherosclerotic plaque appears in Figure 34.7. This section was adjacent to the section used for IR microspectrometric imaging (see Figure 34.8). 

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