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At carbon

In addition to the many applications of SERS, Raman spectroscopy is, in general, a usefiil analytical tool having many applications in surface science. One interesting example is that of carbon surfaces which do not support SERS. Raman spectroscopy of carbon surfaces provides insight into two important aspects. First, Raman spectral features correlate with the electrochemical reactivity of carbon surfaces this allows one to study surface oxidation [155]. Second, Raman spectroscopy can probe species at carbon surfaces which may account for the highly variable behaviour of carbon materials [155]. Another application to surfaces is the use... [Pg.1214]

Use the same method to calculate the dipole moment of cyclopentadienone,. Assume, for the calculation, that the endocyclic double bonds are parallel and the angle at carbon 2 is the same as in eyelopropenone. [Pg.227]

Allyl halides do however give us good yields of alkylation at carbon ... [Pg.106]

Bonding m n butane and isobutane continues the theme begun with methane ethane and propane All of the carbon atoms are sp hybridized all of the bonds are ct bonds and the bond angles at carbon are close to tetrahedral This generalization holds for all alkanes regardless of the number of carbons they have... [Pg.68]

When numbering from left to right the substituents appear at carbons 3 3 and 4 When numbering from right to left the locants are 3 4 and 4 therefore number from left to right... [Pg.96]

In the following example the substituents are locat ed at carbons 3 and 4 regardless of the direction in which the chain is numbered... [Pg.97]

Section 3 7 Three conformations of cyclohexane have approximately tetrahedral angles at carbon the chair the boat and the skew boat The chair is by far the most stable it is free of torsional strain but the boat and skew boat are not When a cyclohexane ring is present m a compound it almost always adopts a chair conformation... [Pg.134]

Higher cycloalkanes have angles at carbon that are close to tetrahedral and are sufficiently flexible to adopt conformations that reduce their tor sional strain They tend to be populated by several different conforma tions of similar stability... [Pg.136]

The carbon that bears the functional group is sp hybridized m alcohols and alkyl halides Figure 4 1 illustrates bonding m methanol The bond angles at carbon are approximately tetrahedral as is the C—O—H angle A similar orbital hybridization model applies to alkyl halides with the halogen connected to sp hybridized carbon by a ct bond Carbon-halogen bond distances m alkyl halides increase m the order C—F (140 pm) < C—Cl (179 pm) < C—Br (197 pm) < C—I (216 pm)... [Pg.146]

The transition state is closer m energy to the carbocation (tert butyl cation) so Its structure more closely resembles the carbocation than it resembles tert butyloxonium ion The transition state has considerable carbocation character meaning that a significant degree of positive charge has developed at carbon... [Pg.156]

This behavior stems from the greater stability of secondary compared with primary free radicals The transition state for the step m which a chlorine atom abstracts a hydro gen from carbon has free radical character at carbon... [Pg.176]

Even isotopes qualify as different substituents at a chirality center The stereo chemistry of biological oxidation of a derivative of ethane that is chiral because of deu terium (D = H) and tritium (T = H) atoms at carbon has been studied and shown to... [Pg.285]

FIGURE 8 2 Hybrid orbital description of the bonding changes that take place at carbon during nucleophilic substitution by the Sn2 mechanism... [Pg.333]

The geometry at carbon changes from tetrahedral trigonal planar linear... [Pg.366]

Learning By Model ing includes models of formaldehyde (H2C=0) and its protonated form (H2C=0H ) Compare the two with respect to their electrostatic potential maps and the degree of positive charge at carbon... [Pg.717]

Section 17 2 The carbonyl carbon is sp hybridized and it and the atoms attached to It are coplanar Aldehydes and ketones are polar molecules Nucleophiles attack C=0 at carbon (positively polarized) and electrophiles especially protons attack oxygen (negatively polarized)... [Pg.742]

The structural features of the carboxyl group are most apparent m formic acid Formic acid IS planar with one of its carbon-oxygen bonds shorter than the other and with bond angles at carbon close to 120°... [Pg.793]

This suggests sp hybridization at carbon and a ct + tt carbon-oxygen double bond analogous to that of aldehydes and ketones... [Pg.794]

The anion of a p keto ester may be alkylated at carbon with an alkyl halide and the product of this reaction subjected to ester hydrolysis and decarboxylation to give a ketone... [Pg.905]

Cyclohexenyl- (for the radical with the free valence at carbon 1)... [Pg.5]

Reactant molecules are able to withstand more fluorine coUisions, as they become more highly fluorinated, without decomposition because some sites are stericaUy protected, ie, coUisions at carbon—fluorine sites are obviously nonreactive. The fluorine concentration may therefore be increased as the... [Pg.275]

Implicit ia the base names are the absolute configurations at carbons 8 and 12 and the iadicated numbering systems. Derivatives of these parent stmctures are named according to terpene and steroid nomenclature rules (see Steroids Terpenoids). The lengthy and awkward nature of the chemical abstract systematic nomenclature (12) for these compounds has resulted ia the development (13) and use of simplified nomenclature based on common names. [Pg.150]

Electrophilic Attack at Carbon. Electiopliilic attack at a C-atom in pyiidines is paiticulaily difficult unless one oi mote strong... [Pg.324]

Nucleophilic Attack at Carbon or Hydrogen. Only the strongest of nucleophiles (eg, —NH2) can replace a hydrogen in pyridine. However, N-oxides and quaternary salts rapidly undergo addition, followed by subsequent transformations (12). [Pg.325]


See other pages where At carbon is mentioned: [Pg.22]    [Pg.213]    [Pg.214]    [Pg.226]    [Pg.250]    [Pg.146]    [Pg.254]    [Pg.342]    [Pg.378]    [Pg.454]    [Pg.486]    [Pg.664]    [Pg.685]    [Pg.715]    [Pg.731]    [Pg.811]    [Pg.975]    [Pg.1092]    [Pg.48]    [Pg.79]    [Pg.283]    [Pg.270]    [Pg.157]    [Pg.326]    [Pg.122]    [Pg.181]   
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See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.471 , Pg.472 , Pg.473 , Pg.474 , Pg.475 , Pg.476 , Pg.477 , Pg.478 , Pg.479 , Pg.480 , Pg.481 , Pg.482 , Pg.483 , Pg.484 , Pg.485 , Pg.486 , Pg.487 , Pg.488 , Pg.512 , Pg.513 , Pg.514 , Pg.515 , Pg.516 , Pg.517 , Pg.518 , Pg.519 , Pg.534 , Pg.535 , Pg.536 , Pg.537 , Pg.538 , Pg.539 , Pg.540 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.471 , Pg.472 , Pg.473 , Pg.474 , Pg.475 , Pg.476 , Pg.477 , Pg.478 , Pg.479 , Pg.480 , Pg.481 , Pg.482 , Pg.483 , Pg.484 , Pg.485 , Pg.486 , Pg.487 , Pg.488 , Pg.512 , Pg.513 , Pg.514 , Pg.515 , Pg.516 , Pg.517 , Pg.518 , Pg.519 ]




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Acid-base reactions at the a-carbon

Acid-catalyzed nucleophilic attack at carbon

Active sites at the surface carbon

Acylation at carbon

Acylation at nucleophilic carbon (other than enols and enolates)

Addition to perfluoroalkylalkynes alkylation at carbon

Alkane picosecond carbon-hydrogen bond cleavage at the iridium carbonyl center

Alkylation and acylation at a carbon atom

Alkylation at carbon

Alkylation at nuclear carbon

Alkylations at carbon

Amination at Ring Carbon and Nitrogen

Arylation at carbon

At alpha carbon

At bridgehead carbons

At trigonal carbon

At vinyl carbon

Bimolecular Electrophilic Substitution at Saturated Carbon

Bimolecular nucleophilic displacement at primary and secondary carbon atoms

Carbon Monoxide at Low Temperatures

Carbon dioxide solubility in water at various pressures

Carbon dioxide thermodynamic properties at high

Carbon monoxide at high temperatures

Carbon monoxide at room temperature

Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination at the Acyl Carbon

Chain Extensions at the Primary Carbon Atom

Chirality at Atoms Other Than Carbon

Chlorocarbonylation at Carbon Centers Synthesis of Ketones

Deprotonation at carbon

Direct Diphenyl Carbonate Process at GE

Displacements at saturated carbon

Eight-Membered Ring Preserved Substitution at Nitrogen, Sulfur, and Carbon

Electron Deficiency at Carbon

Electron Transfer Rates at Carbon Electrodes

Electronegativity relation to s character at carbon

Electrophilic Attack at Carbon

Electrophilic Substitution at Carbon

Electrophilic Substitution at Carbon Atom

Electrophilic Substitution at the Tetrahedral Carbon Atom

Enzymatic Catalysis of Proton Transfer at Carbon Atoms

Free radical attack at the ring carbon atoms

Functional Groups by Nucleophilic Substitution at Saturated Carbon

Glycosylations by Nucleophilic Substitution at the Aglycone Carbon

Glycosylations by Nucleophilic Substitutions at the Anomeric Carbon

Halogenation at the a carbon

Hydrogen exchange at ring carbon in azinium cations

Hydrogen exchange at ring carbon in azolium ions and dimerization

Hydrogen exchange at ring carbon in neutral azoles

Hydrogen exchange at ring carbon in neutral pyrazoles

Hydrogen exchange at ring carbon in pyrazolium cations

Hydroxylation at an aliphatic carbon

Hydroxylation at saturated carbon atoms

Inversion at the anomeric carbon

Inversion of configuration at carbon

Involving Carbon at

Leading to Substitution at a Carbon Atom

Metalation at carbon

Metallation at a ring carbon atom

Metallation at carbon

Nucleophilic Attack at Ring Carbon

Nucleophilic Displacements at Carbon by Grignard Reagents

Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions at the Carboxyl Carbon

Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination at Saturated Carbon Atoms

Nucleophilic Substitution at Aliphatic Carbon

Nucleophilic Substitution at Carbon

Nucleophilic Substitution at Carbonyl Carbon

Nucleophilic Substitution at a Tetrahedral Carbon Atom

Nucleophilic aliphatic at elements other than carbon

Nucleophilic attack at carbon

Nucleophilic substitution at a saturated carbon atom

Nucleophilic substitution at a vinylic carbon

Nucleophilic substitution at an allylic carbon

Nucleophilic substitution at saturated carbon

Nucleophilic substitution at saturated carbon atoms

Nucleophilicity at Saturated Carbon

Nucleophilicity at carbon

Other Reactions at the Carbonyl Carbon Atom

Oxidations at Unfunctionalized Carbon

Oxidations at Unfunctionalized Carbon Atoms

Oxygen Bridge Activation by an Electron-Donating Group at the Bridgehead Carbon

Phenomena at Carbon-Mineral Composites

Phenomena at Surfaces of Carbon Materials

Problems with acylation at carbon

Propagation at Carbon-Transition Metal Bond

R-X Bonds at Saturated Carbons

REACTIVITY AT SUBSTITUENTS ATTACHED TO RING CARBON ATOMS

Racemization at the a Carbon

Radical Halogenation at an Allylic Carbon

Radical Substitution Reactions at the Tetrahedral Carbon Atom

Radical Substitution at Carbon

Reactions at Carbonyl Carbon

Reactions at Chiral Carbon

Reactions at Other Carbon-linked Groups

Reactions at Saturated and Unsaturated Carbons

Reactions at an Allylic Carbon Atom

Reactions at an a-Carbon

Reactions at an sp-Carbon Atom

Reactions at saturated carbons

Reactions at the 3-carbon

Reactions at the Carbonyl Carbon of Acid Derivatives

Reactions at the Carbonyl Group—Adding or Removing One Carbon Atom

Reactions at the a Carbon of Carbonyl Compounds Enols and Enolates

Reactions at the a-Carbon in Living Systems

Reactions at the a-carbon

Reactions at the y-carbon

Reactions at unsaturated carbon

Reactivity at the Phenylmethyl (Benzyl) Carbon Benzylic Resonance Stabilization

Reduction and Addition at Carbon-Nitrogen Double Bonds

Reduction of Carbon Dioxide at Illuminated p-Type Semiconductor Electrodes

Reduction of Carbon Dioxide at Metal Electrodes

Reduction of Carbon Dioxide at Semiconductor Electrodes in the Dark

Reductions at Carbon

Second Example The SN2 Reaction at Saturated Carbon

Selected SN Reactions of Heteroatom Nucleophiles at the Carboxyl Carbon

Small Molecule Catalysis of Proton Transfer at Carbon

Solid-Vapor Equilibrium of the Carbon Dioxide-Nitrogen System at Pressures to

Solubility of Carbon Dioxide in Water at Various Temperatures and Pressures

Solubility studies at high pH and carbonate concentrations

Static wetting of carbon nanocones contact angle hysteresis at nanometer scale

Stereochemical changes at a saturated carbon centre

Stereochemical changes at an unsaturated carbon centre

Stereochemistry at Carbon

Stereochemistry at Tetrahedral Carbon Atoms

Stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions at carbon

Stereochemistry of radical reactions at chiral carbon atoms

Substitution Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds at the a Carbon

Substitution at C-1, the Reducing Carbon

Substitution at a Saturated Carbon

Substitution at carbon

Substitution at carbon by organomagnesium compounds

Substitution at saturated carbon and

Substitution at saturated carbon and C=O compare

Substitution at tertiary carbon

Substitution at vinyl carbon

Substitution reactions at sp2 hybridized carbon atoms to amides

Summary of Nucleophilic Substitution at Saturated Carbon

The Stereochemistry of Substitution at Trigonal Carbon

Unshared Electron Pairs at Carbon

Wetting Conical Tip, Nanoneedle and Carbon Nanotube at Liquid-Air Interfaces

With a One-Carbon Substituent at

With a Substituent at C-3 Containing More than One Carbon

With no Carbon Substituent at

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