Assessing pancreas

The closed-loop system (often termed the artificial pancreas ) is essentially a more sophisticated version of the system described above. It consists not only of a pump and infusion device, but also of an integral glucose sensor and computer that analyses the blood glucose data obtained and adjusts the flow rate accordingly. The true potential of such systems remains to be assessed. 

No pathological changes of the pancreas were exhibited by rats following intermediate-duration exposure to di-ra-octylphthalate in the diet (Mann et al. 1985). The available information is insufficient to assess whether adverse gastrointestinal effects are likely to occur in humans exposed to di- -octylphthalate in the vicinity of hazardous waste sites, but the limited information discussed above suggests that such effects are unlikely. 

In intermediate-duration studies, no histopathologic alterations were observed in the pancreas, thyroids, adrenals, and pituitary of rats given up to 14 mg/kg/day 1,3-DNB for 8 weeks or 3 mg/kg/day 1,3-DNB for 16 weeks in the drinking water (Cody et al. 1981). Administration of up to 6 mg/kg/day 1,3-DNB by gavage for 12 weeks to rats did not result in alterations of the adrenal s weight (Linder et al. 1986). No further endocrine end point was assessed in the latter study. 

Fig. 4. The effect of gemcitabine on dNTP pools in human pancreas cells. Pane-1 and BxPC-3 cells were exposed for 2-24 h to 100 or 10 nM, respectively. Cells were then assessed for intracellular dNTP pools. From ref. 21.

Although rarely presented in a dose-response assessment, in nearly all cases the lower bound on the incremental probability of a response will be zero or less (see Figure 3.7). That is, the statistical model that accounts for the uncertainty in the results of an animal study also accommodates the possibility that no response may occur at low doses and that, in fact, there may be fewer responses (e.g., cancers) than observed in the control population at some low doses. The possibility of reduced responses at low doses also is shown by the lower confidence limit of data on radiation-induced cancers in some organs of humans including, for example, the pancreas, prostate, and kidney (Thompson et al., 1994). 

The effect of a candidate compound on pancreas secretion can be measured in rats with acute pancreas fistula. For safety pharmacological assessment of candidate compounds the decrease of exocrine pancreatic secretion might be problematic due to the potential of induction of pancreatitis. 

The effect of high-dose pancreatic enzymes on pancreatic function has been assessed in a double-blind study in 12 healthy volunteers, six of whom were given 18 capsules of Panzjhrat (20 000 units of lipase, 18 000 units of amylase, and 1000 units of protease per capsule) daily for 4 weeks (4). There were no morphological or functional changes in the pancreas in those treated. None of the subjects had severe adverse effects. Two had transient mild nausea, epigastric pain, and heartburn. There were no abnormalities in hver function tests. 

Poynard, T., Slama, G. and Tchobroutsky, G. 1982. Reduction of post-prandial insulin needs by pectin as assessed by the artificial pancreas in insulin-dependent diabetics, Diabete Metabolisme Paris), 8 187-189. 

Classification of diabetes mellitus Assessment of p-ceU activity Obtain insurance coverage for insulin pump Monitoring therapy Pancreatectomy Transplant (pancreas-islet cell)... 

THE PANCREAS DISEASES AND ASSESSMENT OP EXOCRINE PANCREATIC FUNCTION... 

It wiU be evident from the section on processes of digestion and absorption that the pancreas plays a central role in the absorptive process for carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Disorders of the exocrine pancreas are therefore frequently associated with GI symptoms of malabsorption or diarrhea. In this section, pediatric and adult exocrine pancreatic disorders are briefly discussed and tests for assessing exocrine pancreatic function are described. Information on exocrine pancreatic tumors can be found in the later section on GI regulatory peptides. Recent textbooks on gastroenterology or medicine have more detail on the clinical aspects of exocrine pancreatic disorders. 

Enzyme replacement for exocrine pancreas insufficiency must be adjusted on an individual basis considering age, body weight, weight for height, growth rate, fat intake, supplementary energy needs (particularly for pulmonary function), and clinical as well as laboratory evidence of malabsorption. Clinical symptoms include abdominal pain, distension, intolerance of fatty foods, and character of stools (consistency, number, odor). A more objective assessment involves microscopic examination of stool for neutral and split fats, measurement of fecal chymotrypsin or elastase [96]. 

Izumo A, Yamaguchi K, Eguchi T, et al. Mucinous cystic mmor of the pancreas immunohistochemical assessment of ovarian-type stroma. Oncol Rep. 2003 10 515-525. 

Lee WY, Tzeng CC, Chen RM, et al. Papillary cystic tumors of the pancreas assessment of malignant potential by analysis of progesterone receptor, flow cytometry, and ras oncogene mutation. Anticancer Res. 1997 17 2587-2591. 

Therefore, we have isolated the two products and have assessed their ability to act as substrates for two y-GH s isolated from chick pancreas and hog kidney. These two hydrolases differentially cleave the poly-y-glutamate chain at two distinct y-glutamyl peptide bonds (Scheme HI, open arrow (hog kidney) and filled arrow (chick pancreas)). The results of these enzyme-catalyzed hydrolyses provides strong evidence for the structures assigned to the reaction products as AMPteGlu-y Glu... 

Pane, pancreas gastrointestinal, colon/stomach/pancreas/hepatocellular/others cPCR, conventional RT-PCR qPCR, quantitative RT-PCR D, Douglas cavity S, Subphrenic space P, peritoneal cavity Preoperative wash, it was done by paracentesis pT3, tumor penetrates serosa (T category by TNM classification) NA, not assessed Poor prog., poor prognosticator (Univariate analysis) Independent prog., independent prognosticator (Multivariate analysis). 

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