Assembly and Structure of

The complicated subunit complex of FoFi could be dissociated and reconstituted. The Fi sector can be solubilized from membranes with dilute buffer containing EDTA and has 

FoFi solubilized from membranes of DK8 carrying pBWU13 was applied to glycerol gradient, and fractions near the bottom had practically pure FoFi lane 1, EDTA extract of DK8/pBWU 13 lane 2, purified FoFi lane 3, purified Fi. Details can be found in Moriyama et al.12) 

Reconstituted liposomes (6 pg protein) were suspended in buffer containing 1 pM acridine orange (A) or 1 pM oxonol V (B), and fluorescence was monitored. At indicated times, 1 mM ATP, 0.1 pM valinomycin and 1 pM CCCP were added.32  

ATPase activity but no activity for ATP synthesis or ATP-driven H+ transport. Higher-ordered structure of rat liver Fi at 3.6 A resolution was determined by X-ray diffraction33 the overall dimensions of Fi are 120 A X 120 A X 74 A and the enzyme (a and fi subunits) exhibited sixfold symmetry, although the locations of the minor subunits (7,8, and a) were not determined. X-ray diffraction may solve the structure of Fi at the level of amino acid residues in the near future. 

An active Fo sector having an H+ pathway and capable of binding Fi sector could be reconstituted from the a, b, and c subunits into liposomes.30,31 On the other hand, 

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By employing coordination complexes as branch points, dendrimers can be synthesized that contain metal ions throughout their structure. The repetitive unit of such dendrimers contains M-C, M-N, M-P, or M-S bonds [53,62]. The metal ions act as supramolecular glue [63], in which the complexation chemistry directs the assembly and structure of the dendrimer [53]. One of the synthetic procedures used to prepare organometallic dendrimers with coordination centers in every layer is based on a protection/deprotection procedure in which two complexes are used as dendritic building blocks wherein one acts as a metal and the other as a ligand [64,76]. 

Wang, H., Parry, D. A. D., Jones, L. N., Idler, W. W., Marekov, L. N., and Steinert, P. M. (2000). In vitro assembly and structure of trichocyte keratin intermediate filaments A novel role for stabilization by disulfide bonding./. Cell Biol. 151, 1459-1468. 

Bressan, G. M., Pasquali-Ronchetti, I., Fomieri, C., Mattioli, F., Castellani, I., and Volpin, D. (1986). Relevance of aggregation properties of tropoelastin to the assembly and structure of elastic fibers./. Ultrastruct. Molec. Struct. Res. 94, 209-216. 

Baxter PNW et al (1994) Self-assembly and structure of a 3 x 3 inorganic grid from 9 silver ions and 6 ligand components. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 33 2284—2287... 

With the exception of the last example we have mainly dealt with supramolecular assemblies and structures of polymers which are formed by dispersion interaction forces so far. Self-assembly of polymers by more specific interactions, which justifies the denotation as supramolecular complexes is still limited in number and mostly poorly defined. 

Weidner, T., Samuel, N.T., McCrea, K., Gamble, L.J., Ward, R.S., Casmer, D.G. Assembly and structure of ot-helical peptide films on hydrophobic fluorocarbon surfaces. Biointerphases 5, 9-16 (2010)... 

The adoption of fuel assemblies and structures of proven design based on the technologies of marine propulsion reactors, the VVER-1000, the AST-500, and the KLT-40S reactors ... 

Electrochemical investigations are found in the areas of molecular electronics and nanotechnology. Electrochemistry can be used to produce and characterize clean surfaces (e.g., electrochemical cleaning of metals). It can direct the assembly and structure of supramolecular assemblies (e.g., by using self-assembled or spontaneously adsorbed... 

More than 50 proteins have been discovered in the cytosol of nonmuscle cells that bind to actin and affect the assembly and disassembly of actin filaments or the cross-linking of actin filaments with each other, with other filamentous components of the cytoskeleton, or with the plasma membrane. Collectively, these are known as actin-binding proteins (ABPs). Their mechanisms of actions are complex and are subject to regulation by specific binding affinities to actin and other molecules, cooperation or competition with other ABPs, local changes in the concentrations of ions in the cytosol, and physical forces (Way and Weeds, 1990). Classifications of ABPs have been proposed that are based on their site of binding to actin and on their molecular structure and function (Pollard and Cooper, 1986 Herrmann, 1989 Pollard et al., 1994). These include the following ... 

These are exciting times for peptide based materials. The number of investigators in this field and consequently the number of publications in this area have increased tremendously in recent years. Not since the middle of the past century has there been so much activity focused on the physical properties of peptidic materials. Then, efforts were focused on determination of the fundamental elements that make up protein structures, leading to the discoveries of the a—helix and the (3-sheet. Many years of study followed where the propensities of individual and combinations of amino acids to adopt and stabilize these structures were investigated. Now, this knowledge is being applied to the preparation, assembly, and use of peptide based materials with designed sequences. This volume summarizes recent developments in all these areas. 

Ulman. A. (1996) Formation and structure of self-assembled monolayers. Chem. Rev, 96, 1533-1554. 

Each lipoprotein has various proteins called apolipoproteins embedded on the surface (Fig. 9-1). These apolipoproteins serve four main purposes, they (1) are required for assembly and secretion of lipoproteins (such as apolipoproteins B-48 and B-100) (2) serve as major structural components of lipoproteins ... 

Cygan MT, Dunbar TD, Arnold JJ, Bumm LA, Shedlock NF, Burgin TP, Jones L II, Allara DL, Tour JM, Weiss PS (1998) Insertion, conductivity, and structures of conjugated organic oligomers in self-assembled alkanethiol monolayers on Au 111). J Am Chem Soc 120 2721-2732... 

Clathrin-coated vesicles mediate transport from the Golgi apparatus to endosomes, and from the plasma membrane to endosomes. A multi-subunit protein, clath-rin, constitutes the major protein of this vesicle type (see Ch. 2). Clathrin is composed of three large and three small polypeptide chains, which assemble to form a triskelion (Fig. 9-2). Regulatory mechanisms control the assembly and formation of a convex, polyhexa-pentagonal basketlike structure by these triskelions [5], This structure is responsible for the formation of coated pits on the cytosolic face of plasma membranes. 

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