As disintegrants

Although untreated starches do not swell sufficiently, certain modified forms, such as sodium starch glycolate, do swell in cold water and are better as disintegrants. Various cellulose derivatives, including methylcellulose and carboxymethylcellulose, have been used in this role, but with limited success due to the marked increase in viscosity they produce around the dispersing tablet mass. 

NOTE Activities are reported as disintegrations per minute/gram carbon (dpm/gC). The natural-level abundances are based on the activity of oxalic acid (NIST SRM 4990) and use the 5730 year half-life of 14c (Karlen et al., 1964). The productivity work abundance is based on published JGOFS protocols for measuring primary productivity (Karl et al., 1996). ... 

Native starches are used as disintegrants, diluents, and wet binders. However, their poor flow and high lubricant sensitivity make them less favorable in direct compression. Different chemical, mechanical, and physical modifications of native starches have been used to improve both their direct compression and controlled-release properties (Sanghvi, 1993 van Aerde and Remon, 1988). Schinzinger and Schmidt (2005) used potato starch as an excipient and compared its granulating behavior with a-lactose-monohydrate and di-calcium phosphate anhydrous in a laboratory fluidized bed granulator using statistical methods. 

Some of the German sabot projectiles were provided with one or two discarding bands, each in one piece. They were fired from normal rifled guns. Some of these projectiles are briefly described here as "Disintegrating Rotating Band Projectiles" (Ref 2)... 

The natural unit of radioactivity is disintegrations/time, such as disintegration per second (dps) or disintegrations per minute (dpm), and so on. The SI (International System) unit of radioactivity is the Becquerel (Bq) where... 

Implantable formulations of estrogens have been reviewed (221). Subcutaneous implants have as a rule durations of action of 4-12 months, depending on the dosage and formulation used variations can be due to technical problems, such as disintegration or migration of an implant. 

Fluid mechanics and mixing operations in various types of equipment, agglomeration as well as disintegration and mechanical separation processes, just to mention a few, are described by parameters, the dimensions of which only consist of three base dimensions Mass, Length and Time. An isothermal process is assumed The physical properties of the material system under consideration are related to a constant process temperature. The process relationships obtained in this way are therefore valid for any constant, random process temperature to which the numerical values of the physical properties are related. This holds true as long as there is no departure from the scope of the validity of the respective process characteristic verified by the tests. 

The 3H-inulin radioactivity is expressed as disintegrations per min per ml of plasma or per gram of tissue. Plasma 3H-inulin levels being dose-dependent increased after treatment are plotted versus time in comparison with control. 3H-Inulin content in the gastric wall is dose-dependent increased after treatment especially in the antrum region. 

A comparative study of chitin obtained from lobsters, starch, and carboxymethyl chitosan as disintegrating agents was conducted. The influence of the method in the preparation of tablets on the disintegrating activity of both polymers was evaluated. Chitin proved to have good characteristics as a disintegrating agent independently... 

Drugs are most rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract when administered as aqueous solutions. Although dilution of the drug solution in the gastric fluids sometimes results in precipitation, the extremely fine nature of the precipitate permits rapid redissolution.f The rapid absorption of the aqueous solution is the idea behind effervescent analgesic products, for example. Furthermore, consistent absorption is expected with the solution, as disintegration and dissolution in the GI tract are bypassed. 

Most drugs are absorbed across the GI tract by passive diffusion, but a variety of drug physicochemical factors influence fhe exfenf of absorption. These factors include molecular weight, lipid solubility, ionization as well as disintegration and dissolution rates. In addition, drug absorption may be dependent on the dosage form selected (e.g., a liquid, a tablet that may need to be crushed, or a sustained-release product), and the particular brand selected. For timed-release preparations, the release characteristics must also be taken into consideration. 

Cellulose, microcrystalline Good compression properties, may not need lubricant, can act as disintegrant (Avicel , Emcocel , Vivacel )... 

Starch Also acts as disintegrating agent, may give soft tablets... 

Starch, pregelatinized Also acts as disintegrating agent. (Lycatab , Pharma-Gel , Pre-Jel , Sepistab , Starch 1500 , Starx 1500 )... 

Cellulose, microcrystalline Avicel , Emcocel , Vivacel Highly compressible, low bulk density, acts as disintegrant... 

When required, the test is conducted using a specially designed instrument known as disintegration... 

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