Artificial tissue engineering

In the biomedical area, SPHs and SPH composites can be used to make various biomedical devices, such as artificial pancreas, artificial cornea, and artihcial skin, articular cartilage, soft tissue substitutes, cell growth substrates in tissue engineering, burn dressings, surgical augmentation of the female breast, or hemoperfusion in blood detoxification and in the treatment of uremia. 

Artificial materials are of growing importance in the fields of medicine and biology. Tissue Engineering, a new and modem interdiseiplinary seientific field, has been developed to design biocompatible materials in order to substitute irreversibly damaged tissues and organs. 

The nanostructured surfaces resemble, at least to a certain degree, the architecture of physiological adhesion substrates, such as extracellular matrix, which is composed from nanoscale proteins, and in the case of bone, also hydroxyapatite and other inorganic nanocrystals [16,17,24-27]. From this point of view, carbon nanoparticles, such as fullerenes, nanotubes and nanodiamonds, may serve as important novel building blocks for creating artificial bioinspired nanostructured surfaces for bone tissue engineering. 

Tissue engineering in the field of biotechnology, to create or modify biological materials, including the design of artificial organs and devices ... 

Other recently developed biomaterials will be used for quite different purposes in tissue engineering such as artificial pancreas and liver, artificial skin, nerve regeneration, gene therapy vascular grafts, cornea replacement and others.3... 

The development of biomechanical models derived from continuum formulations for transport of water and charged species in porous media has been carried out for various soft tissues [1-3] and implemented using finite element models (FEMs) [4-8], Such models provide quantitative views of the response of these complex structures that is especially useful in the study of orthopedic, vascular, ocular, and soft tissue substitutes developed by tissue engineering. In this paper a formulation and FEM are described that incorporate and extend these works in a very general model that identifies physical material properties and allows transient analyses of both natural and artificial soft tissue structures. 

The important theme in all of these definitions is the desire of the drafters to move away from the use of donor or artificial organs or tissues as replacement for damaged body parts and explore mechanisms hy which the body can he encouraged to heal itself. This theme is reflected in two terms sometimes used as synonyms for tissue engineering regenerative medicine and reparative biology. 

Those anaiytioai systems where liposomes are used as artificial cell membranes to study body distribution mechanisms as efficient drug-delivery systems, controlled drug delivery, the synthesis of new biomaterial for tissue engineering and gene therapy are worthy of special mention. 

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