Biomechanical modeling

The development of biomechanical models derived from continuum formulations for transport of water and charged species in porous media has been carried out for various soft tissues [1-3] and implemented using finite element models (FEMs) [4-8], Such models provide quantitative views of the response of these complex structures that is especially useful in the study of orthopedic, vascular, ocular, and soft tissue substitutes developed by tissue engineering. In this paper a formulation and FEM are described that incorporate and extend these works in a very general model that identifies physical material properties and allows transient analyses of both natural and artificial soft tissue structures. 

Chaffin, D. B., A Computerized Biomechanical Model Development of and Use in Studying Gross Body Actions, Journal of Biomechanics, Vol. 2, 1969, pp. 429-441. 

Low-back injury is estimated to cost the U.S. industry tens of biUions annually through compensation claims, lost workdays, reduced productivity, and retraining needs (NIOSH 1997 Cats-Baril and Fry-moyer 1991 Frymoyer et al. 1983). Approximately 33% of aU workers compensation costs are for musculoskeletal disorders. Experience has shown that these injuries can be avoided with the proper ergonomic intervention. Biomechanical models available can be used for job analysis either proactively, during the design phase, or reactively in response to injury incidence, to help identify the injurious situations. The most common types of injury-assessment analyses performed using human models include low-back compression force analysis and strength analysis. 

Depending on the human performance tool, the postural information reqirired for an assessment may require a static posture at an instance in time, or multiple key postures at different times in the task. For example, the NIOSH lifting guide (NIOSH 1991) requires starting and ending postures of a lift to arrive at an assessment of the lift conditions. In contrast, analysis tools based on biomechanical models, such as low-back injury risk-assessment tools, can analyze loading conditions continuously for each posture throughout the simulation. 

This chapter addresses selected aspects of computer software tools specifically directed toward human performance design and analysis. The majority of tools currently available emphasize biomechanical models, and as such, this emphasis is reflected here. However, a much broader scope in terms of the body systems incorporated is anticipated, and an effort is made to consider the evolution of more versatile and integrated packages. Selected key functional components of tools are described and a representative sample of currently emerging state-of-the-art packages is used to illustrate not only a snapshot of the capabilities now available, but also those which are needed and options that exist in terms of the fundamental approach taken to address similar problems. 

This chapter addresses selected aspects of computer software tools specifically directed toward human performance design and analysis. The majority of tools currently available emphasize biomechanical models, and as such, this emphasis is reflected here. However, a much broader scope in terms of the body... 

Surprisingly, consistent conclusions are reached using more complex biomechanical models of the knee (Amstutz et al. 1998, Davy and Audu 1987, Olney and Winter 1985, Patriarco et al. 1981, Rohrle et al. 1984), as well as by... 

Maeyama A, Hoshino Y, Debandi A, Kato Y, Saeki K, Asai S, Goto B, Smolinski P, Fu FH (2011) Evaluation of rotational instability in the anterior cruciate ligament deficient knee using triaxial accelerometer a biomechanical model in porcine knees. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 19 1233-1238... 

Biomechanical Modeling of the L5-S1 Motion Segment Unit with Posterior Fixation and a Variety of Anterior Supports... 

Biomechanical Modeling. Biomechanical modeling is a tremendous research field, and it has potential uses across many health care applications. Modeling has resulted in recommendations for prosthetic design and modifications of existing devices. Deformable breast models have demonstrated... 

Hagemann A, et al. Biomechanical modeling of the human head for physicaUy based, nonrigid image registration. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 1999 18(10) 875—84. 

Biomechanical model This model focuses on the postural and structural aspects of the patient s condition. This model is useful in treating patients with musculoskeletal pain and dysfunction, postural imbalances, joint injury or dysfunction, muscular and tendinous injury or imbalances, ligamentous injuries, gait abnormalities, and motion dysfunctions. 

Niklason, L. E., A. T. Yeh et al. 2010. Enabling tools for engineering collagenous tissues integrating bioreactors, intravital imaging, and biomechanical modeling. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107(8) 3335-39. 

A biomechanics model for movements of a shoulder was constructed using Kane s method (Fig.l, (6)). Kane s method is a vector-based approach which used vector cross and dot products to determine velocities and acceleration rather than calculus (6). It creates auxiliary quantities called partial angular velocities and partial velocities, and uses them to form dot product with the forces and torques acting from external and inertial forces. The dot products form quantities called the generalized active forces and the generalized inertia forces, which are the simplified forms of the forces and moments used to write the dynamic equation of motion (6). 

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