Arsenical pesticides

ARSENICAL PESTICIDE, FLAMMABLE LIQUID, n.o.s., flash point 2760 ... 

During the 1960s, Americans lived in a lead-drenched society. They fueled their cars with leaded, antiknock gasoline. They ate food and their babies drank milk from lead-soldered cans. They stored drinking water in lead-lined tanks and transported it through lead or lead-soldered pipes. They squeezed toothpaste from lead-lined tubes and poured wine from bottles sealed with lead-covered corks. They picked fruit sprayed with lead arsenate pesticide and served it on lead-glazed dishes in houses painted and puttied with lead-based compounds. 

Woolson et al. (1971) used a modified soil P procedure to study distribution of As in U.S. soils. The mass of the residual As in both uncontaminated and soils contaminated with arsenic pesticides from Washington and Oregon is found as the Fe oxide bound As (0.1 N NaOH extractable), followed by the Al oxide and the Ca bound As (extracted by NH4F and H2S04, respectively). 

Woolson EA (1975) Arsenical pesticides. ACS symposium series no. 7. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC... 

Aquatic life in proximity to mining activities, lead arsenate pesticides, metal finishing industries, lead alkyl production, and lead aerosol fallout... 

Burning of vegetation from cotton gins treated with arsenical pesticides... 

Attention focused on inorganic arsenical pesticides after accumulations of arsenic in soils eventually became toxic to several agricultural crops, especially in former orchards and cotton fields. Once toxicity is observed, it persists for several years even if no additional arsenic treatment is made (Woolson 1975). Poor crop growth was associated with bioavailability of arsenic in soils. For example, alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) grew poorly in soils con-... 

Arsenical copper alloys, 3 271-272, 272 Arsenical herbicides, 13 325 Arsenical insecticides, 14 339 Arsenic alloys, 3 271-272 Arsenical pesticides, 13 298 Arsenic analysis, of water, 26 40-41 Arsenic carbide (2 6), 4 649t Arsenic-catalyzed liquid-phase process, 10 655... 

A Division of Pharmacology had been formally set up in the Food and Drug Administration in 1935, composed mostly—as one of its members, Edwin P. Laug, remembered—of "biochemists who then changed sails and became pharmacologists" (7] ). To study the toxicity of lead and arsenic pesticide residues formed the division s initial purpose, but the Elixir Sulfanilamide crisis brought an almost total shift of effort to diethylene glycol. 

Canc s, B., Juillot, F., Morin, G. et al. (2005) XAS evidence of As(V) association with iron oxyhydroxides in a contaminated soil at a former arsenical pesticide processing plant. Environmental Science and Technology, 39(24), 9398-405. 

Until recently, this PRG was used by Region 9 of the US EPA for Superfund sites in Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada, US Pacific Islands, and Tribal Nations, Appendix E). As farmlands and orchards once treated with arsenical pesticides are being developed for residential use, occupants of these homes could be exposed to arsenic (Belluck et al., 2003). 

Peryea, F.J. and Creger, T.L. (1994) Vertical distribution of lead and arsenic in soils contaminated with lead arsenate pesticide residues. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 78(3-4), 297-306. 

Robinson, G.R., Jr., Larkins, P., Boughton, C.J., Reed, B.W. et al. (2007) Assessment of contamination from arsenical pesticide use on orchards in the Great Valley region, Virginia and West Virginia, USA. Journal of Environmental Quality, 36(3), 654-63. 

Recently there has been much concern over arsenic in aquatic and soil environments from sources such as arsenical pesticides, smelters, coal-fired plants, and erosion caused by intensive land use (Huang and Liaw, 1979). Arsenic can exist in several oxidation states. It has been shown that in marine environments, As(V) can be reduced to As(III) by bacteria... 

The lead contents of 206 soil samples determined by AAS indicated that such determination provides a useful parameter for soil comparison and discrimination in forensic science (Chaperlin 1981). Soil investigations near a former smelter in Colorado revealed that historic use of arsenical pesticides has contributed significantly to anthropogenic background concentrations of arsenic on certain residential properties. A variety of forensic techniques including spatial analysis, arsenic speciation and calculation of metal ratios were successful in the separation of smelter impacts from pesticide impacts (Folkes, Kuehster, and Litle 2001). 

Arsenic is a constituent of most plants. As can be phytotoxic and the toxicity of arsenite is greater than that of arsenate (Peterson et al., 1981). It is suggested that As uptake is passive (Streit and Stumm, 1993), and that it is translocated to most parts of the plant, most being found in roots and old leaves. Natural As levels in plants seldom exceed 1 mg kg 1, but the leaf content may be higher if arsenic pesticides have been used. As accumulates in Pseudotsuga mensiesii, up to 2000 — 5000 mg kg-1 have been reported in the plant ash (Hewitt and Smith, 1975). 

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