Common access

Common Access to Biotechnological Resources and Information (CABRI). 

The ELISA uses equipment that is commonly accessible in immunochemical laboratories. They are usually formatted using microtiter plates, which have 96 wells. Depending on how many wells are used for standards and controls, many test samples can be run on one plate. It is common practice to run multiple plates... 

Pharmaceutical companies are making significant investment to mine data, transfer old, nonstructured, often report-based data into central data warehouses for common access. The rapid change in IT infrastructure and technologies for data storage has created a very difficult environment where access to data can be cumbersome and requires enormous efforts and investment. 

Wherever appropriate, we have included references to selected secondary sources. They contain more detailed discussions on the topics introduced in this book. In all cases, we recommend use of the primary literature. The examples in the following pages are but a small taste of the detail, variation, scope and experimental detail available. Our choices reflect our personal interests there is no better or worse implied We tried to use current examples from journals that seem to be most commonly accessible, both in paper form and electronically, to student and professional alike. 

The left-hand portion of the phase diagram is the region most commonly accessed by conventional catalyst preparations. In this region as Co is added... 

NCAs are well known forms of a-amino acids which present the amino group protected and the carboxylic group activated for a peptide coupling step. The most common access to NCAs is based on dehydration procedures of a-amino acids involving carbonic acid equivalents, which has limited the method to proteinogenic... 

Table 1 provides a list of these values for the most commonly accessible semiconductor powders suspended in aqueous acid, along with a conversion of the band gap to an absorption onset wavelength A Eg). The band-edge positions [30] can also be adjusted by control of the particle size of the irradiated semiconductor. Quantization effects can shift these values by more than 100 nm this allows control of the onset wavelength and of the band positions of several common semiconductors. 

It is imperative that the radiolabeling process be sufficiently validated before the aerosols are administered to human subjects. This includes identifying the purity and form of the radiolabel if complex extractions are performed. As mentioned previously, it is important to ensure that the particle size distribution of the radiolabeled aerosol is similar to that of the unlabeled aerosol, which is most commonly accessed using an... 

Mass spectrometry has particular applications in structure determination (see Chapter 4, Part 2) and is a spectroscopic technique that is usually available in modern chemistry laboratories, together, of course, with infrared (IR), ultraviolet (U V) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry. X-ray crystallographic facilities are less commonly accessible. 

A common access to pyrazino[2,3-c]pyridazines is the condensation of pyridazine-3,4-diamines, e.g. 1 (R1, R2 = H), with 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds 2. 

To overcome the difficulty in handling alkoxides and their availability, commonly accessible salts, such as carboxylates (acetates or the more soluble 2-ethylhexanoates), carbonates, nitrates, or hydroxides, have often been used in conjunction with metal alkoxides (mostly n-propoxides or n-butoxides for Ti and Zr and ethoxides for Nb or Ta), the solvent being an alcohol. The poor re-... 

Two array operations are particularly common accessing an arbitrary array element by its positions in the array using indexing and looping over each element of the array in order using the foreach loop. Considering indexing first, to copy the third element of clones into a variable named third clone, the statement would be written as... 

Chiral nonracemic a-hydoxylated ketones are commonly accessed by asymmetric epoxidation or dihydroxylation of enol ethers and this methodology is discussed in the relevant sections of this book. Another general method for the enantioselective a-oxygenation of ketones and aldehydes is by reaction of an electrophilic source of oxygen with chiral nonracemic enamines or enolates or in the presence of Lewis acids. 

This section will focus on the generation and utility of azolium enolates using NHC (N-heterocyclic carbene) catalysts. Azolium enolates are commonly accessed from enals, a-functionalized aldehydes, or aliphatic aldehydes in the presence of a stoichiometric oxidant. This section exclusively concentrates on strategies for the generation of azolium enolate intermediates from alternative, bench-stable starting materials (Scheme 7.66). 

It is apparent that, in addition to providing the potential energy surface description, the computational treatment must account for the physical situation to accurately describe the system at hand. The most accurate potential can yield information only as complete as the search or simulation algorithm that employs it will permit. In this case it is reassuring to note that the low energy diffusion pathways obtained in static simulation are confirmed in lengthy molecular dynamics calculations. It is also worth noting that the dynamics calculation shows that less commonly accessed diffusion pathways are of importance in the system at elevated temperatures. 

Generally orientated and typically extensive articles commonly accessible from international high impact journals [8-13]... 

Chemical Abstracts is the most comprehensive database of the chemical literature. It is commonly accessed online through Sciflnder. 

Pancreas. Typically, the pancreas is surrounded by various organs like the stomach, liver, transverse colon, kidney, or major vessels. In particular, needle biopsy of small suspect masses in the pancreatic head is therefore usually regarded as technically sophisticated, and CT guidance preferred instead of ultrasound (Fig. 37.5). For differentiation of the tumor from surrounding normal parenchyma or inflammation, a contrast-enhanced CT scan obtained in an arterial phase should generally be performed prior to the intervention. The most common access route is from an anterior approach and often... 

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