Aromatization during petroleum formation

Sakai, T., et al. A Kinetic Study on the Formation of Aromatics During Pyrolysis of Petroleum Hydrocarbons, in Albright, L. F. und Crynes, B. L. Industrial and Laboratory Pyrolyses. ACS Symposion Series 32, Washington 1976, p. 152-177. 

A Kinetic Study on the Formation of Aromatics During Pyrolysis of Petroleum Hydrocarbons... 

Mos of the solid carbonaceous material available to industry is derived from the pyrolysis of petroleum residues, coal, and coal tar residues. Understanding the reactions occurring during pyrolysis would be beneficial in conducting materials research on the manufacture of carbonaceous products. The pyrolysis of aromatic hydrocarbons has been reported to involve condensation and polymerization reactions that produce complex carbonaceous materials (I). Interest in the mechanism of pyrolysis of aromatic compounds is evidenced in a recent study by Edstrom and Lewis (2) on the differential thermal analysis of 84 model aromatic hydrocarbons. The study demonstrated that carbon formation was related to the molecular size of the compound and to energetic factors that could be estimated from ionization potentials. 

Thus the history of analysis of petroleum and its products can only be suggested to have started during the second half of the nineteenth century. For example, in 1857 several aromatic hydrocarbons from Burma petroleum were identified by the formation of the barium salts of benzenesul-... 

Polycyclic aromatic compounds are common constituents of fossil fuels. Due to the intensive usage of petroleum, coal and oil related products these compounds are released in high amounts into the aquatic environment. Additionally, PACs enter the aquatic system and corresponding flood plains after formation during incomplete combustion processes and subsequent atmospheric deposition (Sanders et al., 1993). Perylene and benzo[a]pyrene were analysed as representative PAHs of pyrogenic origin (Volkman et al., 1997). But, there was no clear... 

Isomerization, carbon-carbon bond scission (cracking), and carbon-carbon bond formation (alkylation) are among the most imp>ortant hydrocarbon conversion reactions catalyzed by acids. Zeolites are often used to carry out these reactions during the refining of petroleum. Some of the zeolites are particularly active to convert olefins and cycloparaffins to paraffins and aromatics to produce jet fuel and gasoline. 

As indicated earlier, there is a delicate balance between the concentration of resins and asphaltenes in petroleum fractions. Any interruption in the ratio of asphaltenes resins can cause operational problems because of asphaltene precipitation (coke formation) and plant shutdown. It is therefore crucial, if coke formation is to be minimized, to monitor the ratio of asphaltenes resins during the thermal processing of bitumens and heavy oils. Clarke and Pruden developed a heat transfer analysis technique that can detect the onset of asphaltene precipitation. They showed that precipitated asphaltenes could be re-peptized using polynuclear aromatic compounds such as phenanthrene. It has been demonstrated in the 5000 bbl/d CANMET hydrocracking unit... 

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