Arms control/disarmament

Assessing die universality of the CWC (by the way one of the requirement of the First Review Conference), one can come to interesting results comparing this requirement with the status of other principal agreements on weapons of mass destruction (WMD) as can be demonstrated by table 1. It seems that one could be satisfied with relatively high number of SPs, seven years after EIF in comparison with other presented arms-control / disarmament agreements. Nevertheless, for the prevention of any use of CW, it is necessary to reach higher number of SPs mainly because most of the above mentioned important non-SPs concentrated in Near and Middle East and on Korean peninsula are supposed nearly certainly to be possessors of CW (not to speak on possession of other kinds of WMD like in the case of Israel). 

Language is not always neutral, and often contains powerful codes of permissible and impermissible behaviour. The constant reference in recent times to the risks posed to America by weapons of mass destruction may well be part of the pohtical-psychological strategy of making the use of nuclear weapons more palatable to domestic public opinion. But the effort to expand the role of nuclear weapons as a counter to the development or acquisition of WMD by US-hostile states could pose a threat to arms control, disarmament and non-prohferation. It is not clear... 

M. B. Kalinowski, Lawrence H. Erickson, Gregory J. Gugle, Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security Report, ACDIS KAL 1.2005, 2005. 

The Chemical Weapons Convention of the 13.01.1993 is disarmament and arms control treaty whose aims are the prohibition of... 

This is developed more fully in Ramesh Thakur, Arras Control, Disarmament, and Non-Proliferation A Political Perspective , in Jeffrey A. Larsen and Thomas D. Miller, eds, Arms Control in the Asia-Pacific Region (Colorado Springs US AF Institute for National Security Studies, US Air Force Academy, 1999), pp. 39-61. 

In an ideal world (and indeed as predicted by the optimists in the euphoric days following the CWC signing ceremony in Paris in January 1993), there would have been 65 ratifications (including Russia and the United States) by July 1994, followed by a smooth transition from the Preparatory Commission to the operational Convention at an entry into force in early 1995 by the end of 1995 the OPCW would have been humming along smoothly with 160-plus States Parties the first RevCon would have been convened in early 2000 and by June 2005 the OPCW would have been approaching its tenth anniversary, and the destruction of the US and Russian CW stockpiles would have been almost completed. Everybody would have marvelled at what could be achieved in arms control and disarmament in the post-Cold War era. 

See Verification and the United Nations The Role of the Organization in Multilateral Arms Limitations and Disarmament Agreements (New York United Nations, 1991), pp. 10-15 Michael J. Sheehan, Arms Control Theory and Practice (Oxford Blackwell, 1988), p. 124. See also Special Report of the Disarmament Commission to the General Assembly at Its Third Special Session Devoted to Disarmament, UN Doc. A/S-15/3, 1 January 1988, p. 50, para. 11. 

During the CWC negotiations, the United States was one of the most vocal members of the Conference on Disarmament that advocated the kind of provisions that finally became paragraph 41, which is said to be the result of the US insistence. See Letter from Ivo Spalatin, Director of Congressional Affairs, US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, to Lee H. Hamilton, Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, US House of Representatives, 29 November 1994, pp. 2-3. 

Report of the First Special Session of the Conference of the States Parties to Review the Operation of the Chemical Weapons Convention [First Review Conference] 28 April 9 May 2003, OPCW Doc. RC-1/5, 9 May 2003, p. 22, para. 7.88. For the Review Conference itself, see Alexander Kelle, The CWC after Its First Review Conference Is the Glass Half Full or Half Empty , Disarmament Diplomacy, No. 71 (June/July 2003), pp. 31-40 Kerry Boyd, CWC Members Meet to Review Progress, Goals , Arms Control Today 33 4 (May 2003), p. 38. 

See, e.g., William Foster, Director, U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, speech to the Commonwealth Club, San Francisco, 4 June 1965 and US Representative Charles Yost to UNGA, 16 November 1965, DSB 53, pp. 81-2, 949. 

January i973 i977- Director of U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency... 

Thomas AVW, Thomas AJ Jr. Basic Report. Vol 2. In Development of International Legal Limitations on the Use of Chemical and Biological Weapons. Dallas, Tex Southern Methodist University School of Law and US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency 1968 53-54, 73-102. 

Hylton AR. The History of Chemical Warfare Plants and Facilities in the United States. US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency Midwest Research Institute 1972 4 59-75. ACDA/ST-197. 

More than two decades since it was concluded, the Chanical Weapons Convention ranains the most comprehensive disarmament and non-proliferation treaty in the history of multilateral arms control. 

As early as the Versailles Peace Treaty, the prohibition of chemical warfare was linked to arms control and disarmament. However, the Treaty s Article 171 only imposed limitations upon Germany. The disarmament and arms control efforts of the League of Nations only generated the 1925 Protocol, but no distinct arms control or disarmament obligations. After World War II, the Federal Republic of Germany and Austria renounced the possession of chemical weapons on the basis of the 1954 Paris Protocol HI to the Brassels Treaty and the 1955 Austrian State Treaty. ... 

Dunworth T (2013) The silent kUler toxic chemicals for law enforcement and the Chemical Weapons Convention. N Z Yearb Int Law 2012(10) 3 Peakes D (2002) Evaluating the CWC verification system. Disarmament forum 2002(4) 11 Grip L, Hart J (2009) The use of chemical weapons in the 1935-36 Italo-Ethiopian War. SIPRI Arms Control and Non-proliferation Programme, www.sipri.org/research/disatmament/ chemical/publications/ethiopiapaper/... 

Ipsen K (1991) Explicit methods of arms control treaty evolution. In Dahlitz J, Dicke D (eds) The international law of arms control and disarmament proceedings of the symposium, Geneva, 28 Eebruary-2 March 1991. United Nations, New York, pp 75-93 Joyner D (2011) Interpreting the nuclear non-proliferation treaty. Oxford University Press, Oxford... 

Linus Pauling is the only person to have been awarded two undivided Nobel Prizes. His first prize was for chemistry in 1954 for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances. He developed the idea of the Pauling Electronegativity, which helps quantify chemical bonding between atoms. He was later honored for his work regarding arms control and disarmament he won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1962. 

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