Arms Control and Disarmament

In an ideal world (and indeed as predicted by the optimists in the euphoric days following the CWC signing ceremony in Paris in January 1993), there would have been 65 ratifications (including Russia and the United States) by July 1994, followed by a smooth transition from the Preparatory Commission to the operational Convention at an entry into force in early 1995 by the end of 1995 the OPCW would have been humming along smoothly with 160-plus States Parties the first RevCon would have been convened in early 2000 and by June 2005 the OPCW would have been approaching its tenth anniversary, and the destruction of the US and Russian CW stockpiles would have been almost completed. Everybody would have marvelled at what could be achieved in arms control and disarmament in the post-Cold War era. 

During the CWC negotiations, the United States was one of the most vocal members of the Conference on Disarmament that advocated the kind of provisions that finally became paragraph 41, which is said to be the result of the US insistence. See Letter from Ivo Spalatin, Director of Congressional Affairs, US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, to Lee H. Hamilton, Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, US House of Representatives, 29 November 1994, pp. 2-3. 

See, e.g., William Foster, Director, U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, speech to the Commonwealth Club, San Francisco, 4 June 1965 and US Representative Charles Yost to UNGA, 16 November 1965, DSB 53, pp. 81-2, 949. 

January i973 i977- Director of U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency... 

Thomas AVW, Thomas AJ Jr. Basic Report. Vol 2. In Development of International Legal Limitations on the Use of Chemical and Biological Weapons. Dallas, Tex Southern Methodist University School of Law and US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency 1968 53-54, 73-102. 

Hylton AR. The History of Chemical Warfare Plants and Facilities in the United States. US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency Midwest Research Institute 1972 4 59-75. ACDA/ST-197. 

As early as the Versailles Peace Treaty, the prohibition of chemical warfare was linked to arms control and disarmament. However, the Treaty s Article 171 only imposed limitations upon Germany. The disarmament and arms control efforts of the League of Nations only generated the 1925 Protocol, but no distinct arms control or disarmament obligations. After World War II, the Federal Republic of Germany and Austria renounced the possession of chemical weapons on the basis of the 1954 Paris Protocol HI to the Brassels Treaty and the 1955 Austrian State Treaty. ... 

Ipsen K (1991) Explicit methods of arms control treaty evolution. In Dahlitz J, Dicke D (eds) The international law of arms control and disarmament proceedings of the symposium, Geneva, 28 Eebruary-2 March 1991. United Nations, New York, pp 75-93 Joyner D (2011) Interpreting the nuclear non-proliferation treaty. Oxford University Press, Oxford... 

Linus Pauling is the only person to have been awarded two undivided Nobel Prizes. His first prize was for chemistry in 1954 for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances. He developed the idea of the Pauling Electronegativity, which helps quantify chemical bonding between atoms. He was later honored for his work regarding arms control and disarmament he won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1962. 

SAIC undertook a special study on the sea disposal of chemical weapons at the bequest of the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. This study was commissioned for the purpose of obtaining the most comprehensive and authoritative historical account possible regarding U.S. sea disposal of chemical weapons. What follows is a summary of the report with special emphasis on the dumping that took place in the North Sea and Skagerrak Strait. 

Abelshauser et al., op. cit. note 9, 184—189 cf. Jeffrey Allan Johnson and Roy MacLeod, Chapter 13 in this volume, which examines limitations on Allied arms controls and disarmament in postwar Germany. 

Trevor N. Dupuy and Gay M. Hammerman (eds.), A Documentary History of Arms Control and Disarmament (New York R. Bowker, 1973), 95. 

Agriculture, Justice, the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, and/or the intelligence agencies, may also be consulted depending upon the item to be exported, the end-user, the end-use, and the destination. ... 

Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction in US ACDA, Arms Control and Disarmament Agreements Texts and History of Negotiations (Washington DC, 1977), pp. 117-20. 

Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, Soviet Noncompliance with Arms Control Agreements, Text of a Letter from the President to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President of the Senate, 15 February 1991. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers 1986, Washington DC, 1987. 

ADAMS, V.J., The Abolition of Chemical Weapons , Arms Control and Disarmament, vol.4, no.2, September 1983. 

F. C. Ikle, Hearings before the Special Subcommittee on Arms Control and Disarmament of the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, Review of Arms Control and Disarmament Activities, 93rd Congress, second session (8 May 1974) p. 9 H. Brown, Hearings... Chemical Warfare, pp. 5, 10 and 20. 

P. Perry Robinson (Center for the Study of Armament and Disarmament, Los Angeles California State University, 1974) and in Arms Control and Disarmament a Bibliography, edited by R. D. Burns (Santa Barbara ABC-aio, 1977). 

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